Gene

KRAS

KRas proto-oncogene, GTPase

Explore in graph →CI-GENE-00007164HGNC:6407 ENSG00000133703 NCBI 3845 CIViC Cancer geneApproved

Curated evidence

Clinical evidence (525)

CIViC items involving this gene, grouped by molecular profile and therapy, with native levels and directions. 50 items per page.

civicCuratedShowing 401–450 of 525 evidence items · levels, directions and significance as curated at the source; each row links to its CIViC record.

Therapy	Cancer	Type	Level	Direction · significance	Rating (1–5)	Status	Evidence	Source
KRAS G13D1
Sunitinib	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	—	submitted

Cohorts

Alteration frequency by cohort (200)

Frequency = cases affected / cases profiled within one cohort. Cohorts are never pooled.

cbioportalObserved200 cohort rows (showing 50, sorted by frequency) · frequency = affected / profiled, as published by each cohort; cohorts are not pooled. Hover a row badge for its release.

Cohort	Mapped cancer	Alteration	Affected (n)	Profiled (n)	Frequency (%)	Rank in cohort	Source
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (Shanghai, Nat Commun 2014) ihch_smmu_2014	Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma	Ssm

Literature

Linked publications (113)

25 per page, newest first.

pubmedPublishedShowing 76–100 of 113 publications · bibliographic data as recorded by PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced.

T-Cell Transfer Therapy Targeting Mutant KRAS in Cancer.
· N Engl J Med · 2016 · PMID 27959684 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Amplification of the MET receptor drives resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in colorectal cancer.
· Cancer Discov · 2013 · PMID 23729478 · validated civic_curation pubmed
KRAS codon 61, 146 and BRAF mutations predict resistance to cetuximab plus irinotecan in KRAS codon 12 and 13 wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer.
· Br J Cancer · 2009 · PMID 19603018 · validated civic_curation pubmed
NRG1 Gene Fusions Are Recurrent, Clinically Actionable Gene Rearrangements in KRAS Wild-Type Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma.
· Clin Cancer Res · 2019 · PMID 31068372 · validated civic_curation

KRAS G13R3
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	rejected	EID3905 In a retrospective study of 168 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (32/92) treated with cetuximab as salvage therapy (second-line therapy or higher) in combina… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3906 In a retrospective study of 59 metastatic, chemotherapy-refractory, colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (n=22) treated with cetuximab and standard chemotherapy were assoc… (full text at CIViC) PMID 17375050 · Di Fiore et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3907 In a retrospective study of 89 metastatic irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation (n=24) treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy were associated… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18202412 · Lièvre et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS G13R3

Cetuximab

Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER

Predictive

Supports Resistance

—

rejected

EID3905

In a retrospective study of 168 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (32/92) treated with cetuximab as salvage therapy (second-line therapy or higher) in combina… (full text at CIViC)

PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC

KRAS KRAS4A underexpression4
(prognostic)	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	4	submitted	EID9598 In a clinical study including 285 patients, KRAS4A low expression is significantly correlated with reduced OS by a multivariate analysis (p = 0.0038). Such significant correlation is observed in the w… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19824059 · Abubaker et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	4	submitted	EID9599 In a clinical study including 151 patients expressing KRAS WT, KRAS4A low expression is significantly correlated with reduced OS by a multivariate analysis (p = 0.018). Such significant correlation is… (full text at CIViC) PMID 30121958 · Eilertsen et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Lung Adenocarcinoma	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	4	submitted	EID9600 In a clinical study including 148 patients expressing KRAS mutants, low expression of KRAS4A is significantly associated with decreased OS (p = 2.72 x 10^-3) and low proportion of KRAS4A is also signi… (full text at CIViC) PMID 29504894 · Yang et al., 2018 · Open in CIViC	civic
RG5 + RigosertibSubstitutes	Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	4	submitted	EID9602 An in vitro study shows that KRAS4A KO is significantly associated with reduced cell viability when cells are treated with KG5 (p < 0.0001). Moreover KRAS4A KO is significantly associated with reduced… (full text at CIViC) PMID 34257283 · Chen et al., 2021 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS Mutation34
(prognostic)	Lung Adenocarcinoma	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	4	accepted	EID1700 In a study of 1036 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, patients with KRAS mutations (n=241) showed worse prognosis (OS: 19 months versus 23 months; HR=1.21; P=0.048). PMID 22810899 · Johnson et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Pseudomyxoma Peritonei	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	3	accepted	EID1596 40 patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei underwent panel sequencing after cytoreductive surgery and hypertermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). KRAS mutations were found in 72% of samples and KRA… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27502722 · Pietrantonio et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	3	accepted	EID3715 Analysis was performed on the placebo group (n=451) of the Phase III study SATURN using erlotinib maintenance therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC who were selected for response or stable disease … (full text at CIViC) PMID 21969500 · Brugger et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
(diagnostic)	Pilocytic Astrocytoma	Diagnostic	C	Supports Positive	3	submitted	EID7150 Genetic alterations in 96 patients with pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) were evaluated. Two new alterations with double KRAS mutations (p.[Glu63Lys]+[Arg73Met] and p.[Leu19Phe]+[Gln22Lys] ) were observed. PMID 23817572 · Jones et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
(predisposing)	Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia	Predisposing	D	Supports Likely Pathogenic	3	submitted	EID7166 Plays a causative role in leukemogenesis. RAS existed in a GTP-bound state in greater abundance than wild type, leading to increased phosphorylation of ERK (Fig. 2) Identified as oncogenic alleles in … (full text at CIViC) PMID 19075190 · Tyner et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
(oncogenic)	Diffuse Large B-Cell LymphomaCURATED_BROADER	Oncogenic	E	Supports Oncogenicity	4	submitted	EID11960 This study performed exome sequencing on 55 DLBCL tumor samples and identified several significantly mutated genes including KRAS. PMID 22343534 · Lohr et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
Abemaciclib	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Sensitivity Response	3	accepted	EID4842 In this multicenter phase I study of abemaciclib, a total of 225 patients were enrolled: 33 in dose escalation and 192 in tumor-specific cohorts. Radiographic responses were achieved in previously tre… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27217383 · Patnaik et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
Afatinib + TrametinibCombination	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	2	accepted	EID992 An shDNA screen identified synergy between ERBB3 Inhibition and MEK Inhibition in KRAS mutated cell lines. Dual EGFR/ERBB2 Inhibitors afatinib and dacomitinib and MEK Inhibition was synergistic in col… (full text at CIViC) PMID 24685132 · Sun et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC	civic
Avutometinib And Defactinib	Malignant Ovarian Serous TumorALIAS	Predictive	A	Supports Sensitivity Response	4	submitted	EID12818 In an open-label, multicenter phase II study of recurrent low-grade serous ovarian cancer (ENGOT-OV60/GOG-3052/RAMP 201; NCT04625270), patients were stratified by KRAS mutation status and treated with… (full text at CIViC) PMID 40644648 · Banerjee et al., 2025 · Open in CIViC	civic
AZD5438	Malignant NeoplasmALIAS	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	3	accepted	EID1183 CDK1 was identified in a preclinical siRNA screen to identify targets in KRAS mutant tumors. Cell viability was evaluated following knockdown of 834 genes in isogenic LIM1215 colorectal cancer cell li… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26881434 · Costa-Cabral et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
Bevacizumab + ChemotherapyCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	4	accepted	EID1139 Meta-Analysis of 12 studies with 2,266 patients (54 % were KRAS wt). The pooled response rates (RR) for KRAS wild-type (wt) versus mutated (mut) patients were 54.8 and 48.3 %, respectively (OR 1.42, P… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23828442 · Petrelli et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
Binimetinib	Malignant Ovarian Serous TumorALIAS	Predictive	B	Supports Sensitivity Response	3	accepted	EID8773 Post hoc analysis of a randomized phase 3 trial (MILO/ENGOT-ov11) suggests a possible association between KRAS mutation and response to binimetinib in patients with pretreated (1-3 lines of prior chem… (full text at CIViC) PMID 32822286 · Monk et al., 2020 · Open in CIViC	civic
Binimetinib + PalbociclibCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	4	accepted	EID4869 A preclinical study to investigate the efficacy of Binimetinib, Palbociclib and the combination on KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cell lines, cell line-derived and patient-derived xenografts. The com… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27167191 · Lee et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
B-Raf/VEGFR-2 Inhibitor RAF265 + SelumetinibCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	4	accepted	EID988 SiRNA Screening in 37 KRAS Mutant colorectal cancer cell lines identified RAF1 and MEK Inhibition as synergistic, whereas MEK Inhibition alone led to quick resistance via upregulation of RAF-signallin… (full text at CIViC) PMID 25199829 · Lamba et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	2	accepted	EID989 SiRNA Screening in 37 KRAS Mutant colorectal cancer cell lines identified RAF1 and MEK Inhibition as synergistic, whereas MEK Inhibition alone led to quick resistance via upregulation of RAF-signallin… (full text at CIViC) PMID 25199829 · Lamba et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	submitted	EID6464 This study shows that KRAS mutations such as G12D, G13D and KRAS amplification are frequent drivers of acquired resistance to cetuximab in colorectal cancers. KRAS mutant clones can be detected throug… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22722830 · Misale et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID1702 A cohort of patient-derived xenografts (PDX) from 85 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer was created. PDX were treated with cetuximab and mechanisms of resistance investigated. None of the xeno… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22586653 · Bertotti et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + ChemotherapyCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	4	accepted	EID3704 This was a retrospective study of 605 patients with metastatic, chemotherapy refractory colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab + chemotherapy. Patients with KRAS mutant tumors (total [n = 253], codo… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20619739 · De Roock et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + DasatinibCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	3	accepted	EID947 Combined treatment with dasatinib and cetuximab, but not either agent in monotherapy, had an antitumor efficacy in-vitro and in xenografts. These results were based on three KRAS mutant cell lines (LS… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20956938 · Dunn et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + PanitumumabSubstitutes	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	A	Supports Resistance	5	accepted	EID5345 NCCN guidelines indicate colorectal cancer patients with KRAS mutations should not be treated with the anti-EGFR therapies cetuximab or panitumumab. PMID 28275037 · Benson et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + SelumetinibCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Does Not Support Sensitivity Response	3	accepted	EID4866 A phase I study to determine the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of Selumetinib and Cetuximab with an expanded cohort in KRAS-mutant CRC. In the KRAS-mutant CRC dose expansion cohort 14 patients we… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26666244 · Deming et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
Decitabine	Malignant Ovarian Neoplasm	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	3	accepted	EID820 KRAS mutation or amplification predicted sensitivity to decitabine in ovarian cancer cell lines. The authors profiled the response of 45 ovarian, melanoma, and breast cancer cell lines over 9 days of … (full text at CIViC) PMID 25968887 · Stewart et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC	civic
Docetaxel	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Does Not Support Sensitivity Response	4	accepted	EID4997 Of the 275 patients assessable for KRAS mutation status, 49 (18%) were positive for KRAS mutation. There were no differences between treatments in OS, PFS, or response rates according to KRAS mutation… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20038723 · Douillard et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
Docetaxel + ErlotinibSubstitutes	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Does Not Support Sensitivity Response	4	accepted	EID4996 222 EGFR-wt patients with advanced NSCLC were randomized to receive docetaxel or erlotinib In this study (4 patients not eligible, leaving 109 in each arm). KRAS was mutated in 25 and 26 out of 109 pa… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26209642 · Rulli et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC	civic
Docetaxel + SelumetinibCombination	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	A	Supports Resistance	5	accepted	EID2998 A phase 3 study of selumetinib and docetaxel in KRAS mutant, previously treated NSCLC. 866 were enrolled and 510 randomized. Median progression-free survival was 3.9 months with selumetinib + docetaxe… (full text at CIViC) PMID 28492898 · Jänne et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Sensitivity Response	4	accepted	EID999 87 patients with KRAS mutant stage IIB-IV NSCLC after first line therapy were randomly assigned (1:1) to oral selumetunib and docetaxel or docetaxel and Placebo. Median OS was 9·4 months (6·8-13·6) in… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23200175 · Jänne et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
Erlotinib	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID3895 In the placebo-controlled Phase III study SATURN, using erlotinib maintenance therapy for patients with advanced NSCLC who were selected for response or stable disease after first line chemotherapy, K… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21969500 · Brugger et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	2	accepted	EID2242 In advanced-stage (IIIB or IV) non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with erlotinib and placebo, patients whose tumors harbored KRAS mutations (n=8) had a lower 12-week progression-free survival… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22025157 · Ramalingam et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
Erlotinib + SelumetinibCombination	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Does Not Support Sensitivity Response	4	accepted	EID4868 38 KRAS wild-type patients were randomized to erlotinib or combination of selumetinib with erlotinib. 41 KRAS mutant patients were randomized to selumetinib or the combination. The primary end points … (full text at CIViC) PMID 26802155 · Carter et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
Erlotinib + TeprotumumabCombination	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Sensitivity Response	2	accepted	EID3713 In advanced-stage (IIIB or IV) non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with erlotinib daily and teprotumumab (R1507) weekly or every three weeks, patients whose tumors harbored KRAS mutations had … (full text at CIViC) PMID 22025157 · Ramalingam et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
Erlotinib + GefitinibSubstitutes	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID2385 In a retrospective study, 166 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients that tended to have selected characteristics known to be predictive for TKI sensitivity (i.e. women, never smokers, and patien… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21258250 · Ludovini et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	E	Supports Sensitivity Response	2	accepted	EID4864 This meta-analysis of 5 studies with 752 non-small cell lung cancer patients examined the association between PD-L1 expression and KRAS mutation status. KRAS-mutant tumors were marginally more likely … (full text at CIViC) PMID 28259530 · Li et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC	civic
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor + Immunomodulatory OligonucleotideCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	2	accepted	EID943 TLR9 agonist immunomodulatory oligonucleotide (IMO) led to inhibited survival of LS174T colorectal cancer and AsPC1 pancreatic cancer cell lines with KRAS mutations. PMID 21890455 · Rosa et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
Ixazomib	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	1	accepted	EID1182 Preclinical study in colorectal cancer xenografts. KRAS-G13D or KRAS-G12V mutations were introduced into KRAS-WT SW48 cell line. KRAS wild-type, but not KRAS mutant tumors were sensitive to proteasome… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26709701 · Chattopadhyay et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC	civic