Gene

KRAS

KRas proto-oncogene, GTPase

Explore in graph →CI-GENE-00007164HGNC:6407 ENSG00000133703 NCBI 3845 CIViC Cancer geneApproved

Curated evidence

Clinical evidence (525)

CIViC items involving this gene, grouped by molecular profile and therapy, with native levels and directions. 50 items per page.

civicCuratedShowing 51–100 of 525 evidence items · levels, directions and significance as curated at the source; each row links to its CIViC record.

Therapy	Cancer	Type	Level	Direction · significance	Rating (1–5)	Status	Evidence	Source
KRAS Amplification4
Crizotinib	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	2

Cohorts

Alteration frequency by cohort (200)

Frequency = cases affected / cases profiled within one cohort. Cohorts are never pooled.

cbioportalObserved200 cohort rows (showing 50, sorted by frequency) · frequency = affected / profiled, as published by each cohort; cohorts are not pooled. Hover a row badge for its release.

Cohort	Mapped cancer	Alteration	Affected (n)	Profiled (n)	Frequency (%)	Rank in cohort	Source
Colorectal Cancer (MSK, Cancer Discovery 2022) coadread_mskresistance_2022	Colorectal Adenocarcinoma	Ssm

Literature

Linked publications (113)

25 per page, newest first.

pubmedPublishedShowing 1–25 of 113 publications · bibliographic data as recorded by PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced.

K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer.
· N Engl J Med · 2008 · PMID 18946061 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Selumetinib Plus Docetaxel Compared With Docetaxel Alone and Progression-Free Survival in Patients With KRAS-Mutant Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The SELECT-1 Randomized Clinical Trial.
· JAMA · 2017 · PMID 28492898 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Colon Cancer, Version 1.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.
· J Natl Compr Canc Netw · 2017 · PMID 28275037 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Sotorasib for Lung Cancers with KRAS p.G12C Mutation.
· N Engl J Med · 2021 · PMID 34096690 · validated civic_curation

KRAS Exon 2 Mutation11
(prognostic)	Pancreatic Carcinoma	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	3	accepted	EID917 KRAS exon 2 was mutated in 121 of 173 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Patients with KRAS wildtype had an improved OS (HR 1.68, p = 0.005). PMID 23435671 · Boeck et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Prognostic	B	Does Not Support Poor Outcome	3	accepted	EID2361 This retrospective study examines outcomes of 158 primary sporadic colorectal cancer patients who had undergone surgical resection and were treated with 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy. KRAS exon 2 … (full text at CIViC) PMID 17590872 · Kato et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Rectal CarcinomaALIAS	Prognostic	B	Does Not Support Poor Outcome	2	accepted	EID4052 This study examined outcomes of 240 rectum cancer patients treated with total mesorectal excision therapy. Tumor samples were obtained at the time of surgery and genotyped for KRAS exon 2 mutations (l… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19903786 · He et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	A	Supports Resistance	5	accepted	EID993 KRAS mutation status was assessed in 394 tumor samples from colorectal cancer patients who were randomly assigned to receive cetuximab plus best supportive care or best supportive care alone. 42% of… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18946061 · Karapetis et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID250 Patients with colorectal cancer who harbor KRAS mutation have low response rate to cetuximab. PMID 16618717 · Lièvre et al., 2006 · Open in CIViC	civic
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID1208 102 mCRC patients treated with anti-EGFR therapy were analyzed for 34 hotspot mutations in KRAS, NRAS and BRAF with nanofluidic digital PCR and quantitative PCR. dPCR and qPCR results were correlated … (full text at CIViC) PMID 27037411 · Azuara et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
Erlotinib	Pancreatic Carcinoma	Predictive	B	Does Not Support Resistance	3	accepted	EID916 KRAS exon 2 was mutated in 121 of 173 (70%) patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and did not show an association with response to erlotinib treatment. PMID 23435671 · Boeck et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
Erlotinib + GemcitabineCombination	Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	4	accepted	EID1219 In a retrospective study of 136 pancreatic cancer patients, point mutations in KRAS exon 2 were associated with worse overall survival compared to that of wild-type KRAS (5.8 vs 8.0 months; P = 0.001;… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21862683 · Kim et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
Irinotecan + SelumetinibCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Sensitivity Response	1	accepted	EID1326 31 patients with KRAS exon 2 mutation (codons 12 and 13) were treated with selumetinib and irinotecan. All patients had ECOG status 0 or 1 and confirmed progression after first line therapy with oxali… (full text at CIViC) PMID 25322874 · Hochster et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC	civic
Regorafenib Anhydrous	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Does Not Support Sensitivity Response	1	accepted	EID87 KRAS mutation status was not predictive of response to regorafenib treatment in patients that had received standard therapy and progressed within 3 months of their last treatment. KRAS exon 2 variants… (full text at CIViC) PMID 24559322 · Sartore-Bianchi et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC	civic
Vemurafenib	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Does Not Support Sensitivity Response	3	accepted	EID8367 This preclinical study examined vemurafenib efficacy on various colorectal cancer cell lines and in vivo via mouse xenograft experiments. Three cell lines harbored KRAS exon 2 mutations and wt BRAF: H… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22180495 · Yang et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS Exon 2 Mutation11

(prognostic)

Pancreatic Carcinoma

Prognostic

Supports Poor Outcome

accepted

EID917

KRAS exon 2 was mutated in 121 of 173 patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Patients with KRAS wildtype had an improved OS (HR 1.68, p = 0.005).

PMID 23435671 · Boeck et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC

KRAS G12A23
(functional)	—UNRESOLVED	Functional	D	Supports Gain Of Function	5	submitted	EID12973 KRAS p.Gly12Ala (NM_004985.5:c.35G>C causes decreased GTPase activity, and based on BRAF-RBD co-IP assay increased BRAF binding affinity. PMID 26037647 · Hunter et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	—UNRESOLVED	Functional	D	Supports Gain Of Function	5	submitted	EID12974 KRAS p.Gly12Ala (NM_004985.5:c.35G>C causes increased pERK/ERK ratio. PMID 23455880 · Modest et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID4429 This was a retrospective study of 691 cetuximab treated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Of those, 22 patients harbored KRAS G12A, were BRAF, NRAS and PIK3CA wt, and had individual response… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20619739 · De Roock et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3699 In a retrospective study of 30 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation (n=13) treated with cetuximab and standard chemotherapy were associated with an absen… (full text at CIViC) PMID 16618717 · Lièvre et al., 2006 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3700 In a retrospective study of 113 metastatic irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation treated with cetuximab plus irinotecan (34/83) were associated… (full text at CIViC) PMID 17998284 · De Roock et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	rejected	EID3701 In a retrospective study of 168 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (32/92) treated with second-line or higher cetuximab therapy in combination with standard ch… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3702 In a retrospective study of 59 metastatic, chemotherapy-refractory, colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (n=22) treated with cetuximab and standard chemotherapy were assoc… (full text at CIViC) PMID 17375050 · Di Fiore et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3703 In a retrospective study of 89 metastatic irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation (n=24) treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy were associated… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18202412 · Lièvre et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3705 In a retrospective study of 572 advanced colorectal cancer patients, patients treated with cetuximab and best supportive care with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (81/164) were associated with reduced response… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18946061 · Karapetis et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3706 In a phase 3 clinical study of 1,198 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations and treated with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI were associated with reduced overal… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21502544 · Van Cutsem et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3707 In a phase 2 clinical study of 344 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations and treated with cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 (n=52) were associated with reduced … (full text at CIViC) PMID 19114683 · Bokemeyer et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3708 In a retrospective study of 95 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS activating mutation (n=33) and treated with cetuximab plus standard chemotherapy were reportedly non-respo… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20010090 · Yen et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3709 In a phase 3 clinical study (NCT00154102) of 1198 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations and treated with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI (n=105) were associate… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19339720 · Van Cutsem et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colon Neoplasm	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3717 In a phase 3 clinical study,�BRAF wild-type stage III colon cancer patients harboring KRAS G12A mutation (n=49) and treated with cetuximab plus standard chemotherapy were associated with decreased dis… (full text at CIViC) PMID 24687927 · Yoon et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + PanitumumabSubstitutes	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	2	accepted	EID6319 In this study, a large cohort of metastatic colorectal cancer patients were treated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab or panitumumab). KRAS, PIK3CA, and PTEN … (full text at CIViC) PMID 19223544 · Sartore-Bianchi et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
Erlotinib	Malignant Lung Neoplasm	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3712 In locally advanced or metastic (stage IIIB or IV) non-small cell lung cancer patients with KRAS mutations, those treated with the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib … (full text at CIViC) PMID 16043828 · Eberhard et al., 2005 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3714 In a prospective study of 522 European non-small cell lung cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (42/307) treated with erlotinib as a second-, third-line or more treatment were associa… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22982650 · Cadranel et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
Gefitinib	Malignant Lung Neoplasm	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	2	accepted	EID2008 In recurrent lung cancer patients treated with the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, patients with KRAS mutations had a lower frequency of partial response (PR) and… (full text at CIViC) PMID 17409929 · Endoh et al., 2006 · Open in CIViC	civic
Erlotinib + GefitinibSubstitutes	Lung Adenocarcinoma	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID251 KRAS mutations (N=29 G12, N=1 G13) were the primary predictor of EGFR TKI resistance in patients with lung adenocarcinoma (N=83). Overall survival (P=0.001) and progression-free survival (P=0.005) wer… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19794967 · Marchetti et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
Melphalan	Multiple Myeloma	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	2	accepted	EID2009 In a study of patients receiving melphalan-based therapy, those with KRAS codon 12 mutations were less likely to have a positive response than those with wildtype KRAS (26.9% vs. 58.3%, P=0.015). PMID 19284554 · Greco et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Multiple Myeloma	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID2010 Activating mutations in KRAS or NRAS were observed more frequently in multiple myeloma patients than in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) (31% vs. 5% ). Another stu… (full text at CIViC) PMID 11524732 · Bezieau et al., 2001 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Multiple Myeloma	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID2011 Activating mutations in KRAS or NRAS were observed more frequently in multiple myeloma patients than in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) (31% vs. 5% ). Another stu… (full text at CIViC) PMID 15339850 · Rasmussen et al., 2005 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Multiple Myeloma	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	2	accepted	EID2012 In in vitro experiments, myeloma cell lines expressing activating NRAS and KRAS mutations are less sensitive to the apoptosis-inducing effects of dexamethasone, doxorubicin, and melphalan in compariso… (full text at CIViC) PMID 11050000 · Rowley et al., 2000 · Open in CIViC	civic