Gene

KRAS

KRas proto-oncogene, GTPase

Explore in graph →CI-GENE-00007164HGNC:6407 ENSG00000133703 NCBI 3845 CIViC Cancer geneApproved

Curated evidence

Clinical evidence (525)

CIViC items involving this gene, grouped by molecular profile and therapy, with native levels and directions. 50 items per page.

civicCuratedShowing 151–200 of 525 evidence items · levels, directions and significance as curated at the source; each row links to its CIViC record.

Therapy	Cancer	Type	Level	Direction · significance	Rating (1–5)	Status	Evidence	Source
KRAS G12C21
Regorafenib Anhydrous	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	2

Cohorts

Alteration frequency by cohort (200)

Frequency = cases affected / cases profiled within one cohort. Cohorts are never pooled.

cbioportalObserved200 cohort rows (showing 50, sorted by frequency) · frequency = affected / profiled, as published by each cohort; cohorts are not pooled. Hover a row badge for its release.

Cohort	Mapped cancer	Alteration	Affected (n)	Profiled (n)	Frequency (%)	Rank in cohort	Source
Gallbladder Cancer (MSK, 2022) gbc_mskcc_2022	Gallbladder Carcinoma	Ssm	18

Literature

Linked publications (113)

25 per page, newest first.

pubmedPublishedShowing 26–50 of 113 publications · bibliographic data as recorded by PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced.

Single-Agent Divarasib (GDC-6036) in Solid Tumors with a KRAS G12C Mutation.
· N Engl J Med · 2023 · PMID 37611121 · validated civic_curation pubmed
RAS mutations in early age leukaemia modulated by NQO1 rs1800566 (C609T) are associated with second-hand smoking exposures.
· BMC Cancer · 2014 · PMID 24571676 · validated civic_curation pubmed
KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib.
· PLoS Med · 2005 · PMID 15696205 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Frequency and distinctive spectrum of KRAS mutations in never smokers with lung adenocarcinoma.
· Clin Cancer Res · 2008 · PMID 18794081 · validated civic_curation pubmed

ERBB2 V842I + KRAS G12CERBB2 KRAS1
ARS-1620 + NeratinibCombination	Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	3	submitted	EID11573 When tested in MIAPaCa2 (PDAC cell line and KRAS G12C) cells, Neratinib and ARS-1620 strongly inhibit AKT and MAPK phosphorylation (Figure 6F). Also, MIAPaCa2 cell line with the variant in exposure to… (full text at CIViC) PMID 31046123 · Li et al., 2020 · Open in CIViC	civic

ERBB2 V842I + KRAS G12CERBB2 KRAS1

ARS-1620 + NeratinibCombination

Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma

Predictive

Supports Sensitivity Response

submitted

EID11573

When tested in MIAPaCa2 (PDAC cell line and KRAS G12C) cells, Neratinib and ARS-1620 strongly inhibit AKT and MAPK phosphorylation (Figure 6F). Also, MIAPaCa2 cell line with the variant in exposure to… (full text at CIViC)

PMID 31046123 · Li et al., 2020 · Open in CIViC

KRAS G12D27
(prognostic)	Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	4	accepted	EID1300 In 219 patients with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, a multivariate analysis identified KRAS G12D mutations as an independent predictor of poorer prognosis both in patients that have rece… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27010960 · Bournet et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
(diagnostic)	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Diagnostic	B	Supports Positive	4	submitted	EID8031 Jens Neumann et al analyzed 1018 cases of metastatic colorectal cancer. They focused on KRAS mutation of codons 12 and 13. Direct genomic sequencing was applied to detect the KRAS mutation. After the … (full text at CIViC) PMID 19679400 · Neumann et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Lung Neoplasm	Diagnostic	B	Supports Positive	3	accepted	EID228 KRAS G12D mutation occurs in never smokers significantly more often than in smokers. PMID 23014527 · Dogan et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
(prognostic)	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Prognostic	B	Supports Better Outcome	3	accepted	EID1215 In 119 metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with cetuximab-based first-line chemotherapy, KRAS G12D mutations (N=44) were associated with longer overall patient survival when compared to othe… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22948721 · Modest et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Exocrine Pancreas Neoplasm	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	3	accepted	EID1311 In 171 patients with tumors of the exocrine pancreas, a KRAS G12D mutation (N=60) was associated with shorter overall survival than being wild-type for KRAS (N=21; Hazard Ratio: 95% CI between 1.14 an… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23565280 · Rachakonda et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Pancreatic Ductal CarcinomaUNRESOLVED	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	3	accepted	EID1732 Exon-2 KRAS mutation status was analyzed in 219 patients with pancreatic ductal carcinoma, excluding those who had previously undergone chemotherapy, first-line pancreatic resection, or neoadjuvant tr… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27010960 · Bournet et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm	Prognostic	D	Supports Poor Outcome	4	submitted	EID7171 KRAS mutations are found in ∼90% of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. all mice with Kras G12D activation and Pten homozygous deletion succumbed to cancer by 3 weeks of age PMID 20807812 · Hill et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Thyroid Gland Carcinoma	Prognostic	D	Supports Better Outcome	3	submitted	EID6962 TPO-CRE mediated, thyroid specific KRAS G12D expression was unable to tranform thyroid follicular cells alone, indicating these mutations require co-operating events to cause invasion and metastatic d… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19351816 · Miller et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
Akt Inhibitor MK2206	Pancreatic Carcinoma	Predictive	C	Supports Sensitivity Response	2	accepted	EID937 Among 33 patients treated with pan-AKT inhibitor MK-2206 in this phase 1 study, one patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and PTEN loss and a KRAS G12D mutation experienced a decrease of approximatel… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22025163 · Yap et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
Bevacizumab + Binimetinib + HydroxychloroquineCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Sensitivity Response	2	submitted	EID10797 Case report of a 41-year-old female with T4N2M1 sigmoid adenocarcinoma with KRAS G12D mutation. After progression on FOLFOX, XELOX plus bevacizumab and capecitabine plus bevacizumab. After progression… (full text at CIViC) PMID 32999660 · Orlov et al., 2020 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID2207 This was a retrospective study of 691 cetuximab treated patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Of those, 76 patients harbored KRAS G12D, were BRAF, NRAS and PIK3CA wt, and had individual response… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20619739 · De Roock et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3938 In a retrospective study of 23 EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with KRAS codon G12 or G13 mutations (n=6) treated with cetuximab were associated with decreased partial … (full text at CIViC) PMID 17363584 · Benvenuti et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3933 In a retrospective study of 30 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation (n=13) treated with cetuximab and standard chemotherapy were associated with an absen… (full text at CIViC) PMID 16618717 · Lièvre et al., 2006 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3934 In a retrospective study of 113 metastatic irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation treated with cetuximab plus irinotecan (34/83) were associated… (full text at CIViC) PMID 17998284 · De Roock et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	rejected	EID3935 In a retrospective study of 168 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (32/92) treated with cetuximab as salvage therapy (second-line therapy or higher) in combina… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3936 In a retrospective study of 59 metastatic, chemotherapy-refractory, colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (n=22) treated with cetuximab and standard chemotherapy were assoc… (full text at CIViC) PMID 17375050 · Di Fiore et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3937 In a retrospective study of 89 metastatic irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation (n=24) treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy were associated… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18202412 · Lièvre et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3940 In a retrospective study of 572 advanced colorectal cancer patients, patients treated with cetuximab and best supportive care with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (81/164) were associated with reduced response… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18946061 · Karapetis et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3941 In a retrospective study of 32 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with KRAS G12D (n=2) mutation treated with cetuximab were reported to be non-responders. None of the 10 partial responder… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18669866 · Perrone et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3942 In a phase 3 clinical study of 1,198 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations and treated with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI were associated with reduced overal… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21502544 · Van Cutsem et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3943 In a phase 2 clinical study of 344 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations and treated with cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 (n=52) were associated with reduced … (full text at CIViC) PMID 19114683 · Bokemeyer et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3944 In a retrospective study of 95 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS activating mutation (n=33) and treated with cetuximab plus standard chemotherapy were reportedly non-respo… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20010090 · Yen et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3945 In a phase 3 clinical study (NCT00154102) of 1198 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations and treated with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI (n=105) were associate… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19339720 · Van Cutsem et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colon Neoplasm	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3960 In a phase 3 clinical study,�BRAF wild-type stage III colon cancer patients harboring KRAS G12D mutation (n=378) and treated with cetuximab plus standard chemotherapy were associated with decreased di… (full text at CIViC) PMID 24687927 · Yoon et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Ovarian Neoplasm	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID3958 In an in vitro study, a MCAS cell line expressing KRAS G12D mutation was associated with reduced sensitivity to cetuximab treatment as compared to RMUG-L and OMC-1 cells expressing wild-type KRAS. Res… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22246397 · Sato et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
Dabrafenib	Lung Adenocarcinoma	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	2	accepted	EID91 A 63 year old patient was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma and received several treatment regimens over approximately three years, including carboplatin/paclitaxel, erlotinib, pemetrexed/bevacizumab… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23524406 · Rudin et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
Dactolisib + SelumetinibCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	3	accepted	EID2218 In 28 out of 40 (70%) metastatic colorectal cancer tumors harboring KRAS, NRAS, BRAF or PIK3CA mutations and implanted into mice, the therapeutic combination of the MEK inhibitor AZD6244 and the PI3K/… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22392911 · Migliardi et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic