Gene

KRAS

KRas proto-oncogene, GTPase

Explore in graph →CI-GENE-00007164HGNC:6407 ENSG00000133703 NCBI 3845 CIViC Cancer geneApproved

Curated evidence

Clinical evidence (525)

CIViC items involving this gene, grouped by molecular profile and therapy, with native levels and directions. 50 items per page.

civicCuratedShowing 451–500 of 525 evidence items · levels, directions and significance as curated at the source; each row links to its CIViC record.

Therapy	Cancer	Type	Level	Direction · significance	Rating (1–5)	Status	Evidence	Source
KRAS Mutation19
G-573 + MEK Inhibitor GDC-0623Substitutes	Malignant NeoplasmALIAS	Predictive	D	Supports

Cohorts

Alteration frequency by cohort (200)

Frequency = cases affected / cases profiled within one cohort. Cohorts are never pooled.

cbioportalObserved200 cohort rows (showing 50, sorted by frequency) · frequency = affected / profiled, as published by each cohort; cohorts are not pooled. Hover a row badge for its release.

Cohort	Mapped cancer	Alteration	Affected (n)	Profiled (n)	Frequency (%)	Rank in cohort	Source
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (Shanghai, Nat Commun 2014) ihch_smmu_2014	Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma	Ssm

Literature

Linked publications (113)

25 per page, newest first.

pubmedPublishedShowing 1–25 of 113 publications · bibliographic data as recorded by PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced.

K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer.
· N Engl J Med · 2008 · PMID 18946061 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Selumetinib Plus Docetaxel Compared With Docetaxel Alone and Progression-Free Survival in Patients With KRAS-Mutant Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The SELECT-1 Randomized Clinical Trial.
· JAMA · 2017 · PMID 28492898 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Colon Cancer, Version 1.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.
· J Natl Compr Canc Netw · 2017 · PMID 28275037 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Sotorasib for Lung Cancers with KRAS p.G12C Mutation.
· N Engl J Med · 2021 · PMID 34096690 · validated civic_curation

KRAS Overexpression1
Alisertib	Gastrointestinal CarcinomaUNRESOLVED	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	3	submitted	EID10154 Three gastrointestinal cancer wt-KRAS cell lines (MKN45, STKM2, and RKO) had lentiviral-based expression of KRAS G12D. When these cell lines were expressing KRAS G12D, they also had increased protein … (full text at CIViC) PMID 30342037 · Wang-Bishop et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS Overexpression1

Alisertib

Gastrointestinal CarcinomaUNRESOLVED

Predictive

Supports Sensitivity Response

submitted

EID10154

Three gastrointestinal cancer wt-KRAS cell lines (MKN45, STKM2, and RKO) had lentiviral-based expression of KRAS G12D. When these cell lines were expressing KRAS G12D, they also had increased protein … (full text at CIViC)

PMID 30342037 · Wang-Bishop et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC

KRAS Q612
(prognostic)	Multiple Myeloma	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	4	accepted	EID489 In a retrospective study of 439 patients with multiple myeloma enrolled in a clinical trial, 28 had mutaions in KRAS. Those with mutations had worse overall and progression free survival than those wi… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18528420 · Chng et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + ChemotherapyCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	4	accepted	EID3917 This was a retrospective study of 605 patients with metastatic, chemotherapy refractory colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab + chemotherapy. Patients harboring KRAS codon 61 mutations (n=13) had a… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20619739 · De Roock et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS Q61E3
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	submitted	EID2807 In irinotecan-resistant metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had been treated with cetuximab and irinotecan, KRAS mutations in codon 61 or 146 were associated with shorter progression-free surviv… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603018 · Loupakis et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4422 In a retrospective study of 138 metastatic irinotecan-refractory, colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 61 or 146 mutation (8/68) treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy were associa… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603018 · Loupakis et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
Irinotecan	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID2808 In colorectal cancer patients, non-G12/G13 KRAS and NRAS mutations were associated with improved disease-free survival (n=186, P=0.006) compared to G12 and G13 KRAS mutations. None of the 12 Stage I-… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20570890 · Janakiraman et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS Q61H8
(oncogenic)	Malignant NeoplasmALIAS	Oncogenic	D	Supports Oncogenicity	3	accepted	EID7936 NIH3T3 cells were transfected with control or KRAS Q61H plasmid and focus formation assays were performed. Q61H cells formed approximately 50 foci > 5mm diameter per well, where wt cells formed none, … (full text at CIViC) PMID 20147967 · Smith et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	submitted	EID2227 In irinotecan-resistant metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had been treated with cetuximab and irinotecan, KRAS mutations in codon 61 or 146 were associated with shorter progression-free surviv… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603018 · Loupakis et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3860 In a retrospective study of 138 metastatic irinotecan-refractory, colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 61 or 146 mutation (8/68) treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy were associa… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603018 · Loupakis et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	accepted	EID3862 In a colorectal cancer patient with a KRAS Q61H mutation, KRAS Q61H was reported to be refractory to cetuximab treatment. The patient was treated with cetuximab and irinotecan for 18 months, had a par… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22722830 · Misale et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3863 In a retrospective study of 53, KRAS exon 2 wild-type, metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS Q61L (n=2), Q61H (n=1), or A146T (n=2) mutations were reported to be non-responder… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26989027 · Hsu et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + ChemotherapyCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID3861 Seven patients participating in a large retrospective study of cetuximab in metastatic, treatment refractory colorectal cancer had tumors which harbored KRAS Q61H (either c.183A > C or >T) and were wi… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20619739 · De Roock et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
Panitumumab + TrametinibCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	3	submitted	EID2970 In a molecular case report, a KRAS Q61H mutation was found causing resistance to a combination therapy with panitumumab and the MEK inhibitor trametinib. PMID 26644315 · Russo et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC	civic
Vemurafenib	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3865 In an in vitro study, the H460C cell line expressing a KRAS Q61H mutation was associated with resistance to vemurafenib treatment. Resistance was determined by assessing cell viability and phosphoryla… (full text at CIViC) PMID 25706985 · Joshi et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS Q61K5
(functional)	—UNRESOLVED	Functional	D	Supports Gain Of Function	5	submitted	EID12975 KRAS p.Gln61Lys (NM_004985.5:c.181C>A) causes decreased GTPase activity, and based on BRAF-RBD co-IP assay increased BRAF binding affinity. PMID 26037647 · Hunter et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC	civic
(oncogenic)	Malignant NeoplasmALIAS	Oncogenic	D	Supports Oncogenicity	5	submitted	EID12976 KRAS p.Gln61Lys (NM_004985.5:c.181C>A) causes increased proliferation. PMID 3510078 · Der et al., 1986 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	submitted	EID2230 In irinotecan-resistant metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had been treated with cetuximab and irinotecan, KRAS mutations in codon 61 or 146 were associated with shorter progression-free surviv… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603018 · Loupakis et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3871 In a retrospective study of 138 metastatic irinotecan-refractory, colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 61 or 146 mutation (8/68) treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy were associa… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603018 · Loupakis et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + ChemotherapyCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID3872 Two patients participating in a large retrospective trial of cetuximab in metastatic, treatment refractory colorectal cancer had tumors which harbored KRAS Q61K. One patient was a 61 year old female w… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20619739 · De Roock et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic