Gene

KRAS

KRas proto-oncogene, GTPase

Explore in graph →CI-GENE-00007164HGNC:6407 ENSG00000133703 NCBI 3845 CIViC Cancer geneApproved

Curated evidence

Clinical evidence (525)

CIViC items involving this gene, grouped by molecular profile and therapy, with native levels and directions. 50 items per page.

civicCuratedShowing 251–300 of 525 evidence items · levels, directions and significance as curated at the source; each row links to its CIViC record.

Therapy	Cancer	Type	Level	Direction · significance	Rating (1–5)	Status	Evidence	Source
KRAS G12/G1310
Bevacizumab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Does Not Support Resistance	3

Cohorts

Alteration frequency by cohort (200)

Frequency = cases affected / cases profiled within one cohort. Cohorts are never pooled.

cbioportalObserved200 cohort rows (showing 50, sorted by frequency) · frequency = affected / profiled, as published by each cohort; cohorts are not pooled. Hover a row badge for its release.

Cohort	Mapped cancer	Alteration	Affected (n)	Profiled (n)	Frequency (%)	Rank in cohort	Source
Lung Adenocarcinoma (TCGA, Firehose Legacy) luad_tcga	Lung Adenocarcinoma	Ssm	75	230	32.6%

Literature

Linked publications (113)

25 per page, newest first.

pubmedPublishedShowing 1–25 of 113 publications · bibliographic data as recorded by PubMed; abstracts are not reproduced.

K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer.
· N Engl J Med · 2008 · PMID 18946061 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Selumetinib Plus Docetaxel Compared With Docetaxel Alone and Progression-Free Survival in Patients With KRAS-Mutant Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The SELECT-1 Randomized Clinical Trial.
· JAMA · 2017 · PMID 28492898 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Colon Cancer, Version 1.2017, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.
· J Natl Compr Canc Netw · 2017 · PMID 28275037 · validated civic_curation pubmed
Sotorasib for Lung Cancers with KRAS p.G12C Mutation.
· N Engl J Med · 2021 · PMID 34096690 · validated civic_curation

KRAS G12 + KRAS G131
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID6296 This was a retrospective clinical study of 92 metastatic colorectal cancer patients who received cetuximab in conjunction with salvage chemotherapy (refractory to at least one line of treatment). Salv… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS G12 + KRAS G131

Cetuximab

Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER

Predictive

Supports Resistance

accepted

EID6296

This was a retrospective clinical study of 92 metastatic colorectal cancer patients who received cetuximab in conjunction with salvage chemotherapy (refractory to at least one line of treatment). Salv… (full text at CIViC)

PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC

KRAS G12 + KRAS G13 + KRAS Q612
(prognostic)	Colorectal Adenocarcinoma	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	3	submitted	EID11056 The Medical Research Council (MRC) COIN trial consisted of patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, inoperable metastatic or locoregional measurable disease, and w… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21641636 · Maughan et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + ChemotherapyCombination	Colorectal Adenocarcinoma	Predictive	B	Does Not Support Sensitivity Response	4	submitted	EID11055 The Medical Research Council (MRC) COIN trial consisted of patients with histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, inoperable metastatic or locoregional measurable disease, and w… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21641636 · Maughan et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS G12R21
(prognostic)	Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	4	accepted	EID1298 In 242 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer, the presence of KRAS G12R (N=17) or G12D (N=92) was associated with poorer prognosis (overall survival HR 1.6; 95% confidence interval 1.11-2.28). PMID 22983505 · Ogura et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm	Prognostic	B	Supports Poor Outcome	4	rejected	EID1299 In 242 patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer, the presence of KRAS G12R (as well as G12D) was associated with poorer prognosis (95% confidence interval of HR between 1.11 and 2.28). PMID 22983505 · Ogura et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	rejected	EID3984 In a retrospective study of 168 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (32/92) treated with cetuximab as salvage therapy (second-line therapy or higher) in combina… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3985 In a retrospective study of 59 metastatic, chemotherapy-refractory, colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (n=22) treated with cetuximab and standard chemotherapy were assoc… (full text at CIViC) PMID 17375050 · Di Fiore et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3986 In a retrospective study of 89 metastatic irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation (n=24) treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy were associated… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18202412 · Lièvre et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3988 In a retrospective study of 572 advanced colorectal cancer patients, patients treated with cetuximab and best supportive care with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (81/164) were associated with reduced response… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18946061 · Karapetis et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3990 In a retrospective study of 95 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS activating mutation (n=33) and treated with cetuximab plus standard chemotherapy were reportedly non-respo… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20010090 · Yen et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colon Neoplasm	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3998 In a phase 3 clinical study,�BRAF wild-type stage III colon cancer patients harboring KRAS G12R mutation (n=5) and treated with cetuximab plus standard chemotherapy were associated with decreased dise… (full text at CIViC) PMID 24687927 · Yoon et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	4	accepted	EID3989 In an in vitro study to identify cetuximab-resistant clones following continuous drug treatment, a resistant clone of the Lim1215 colorectal cancer cell line was identified to have the KRAS G12R mutat… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22722830 · Misale et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + ChemotherapyCombination	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID3987 Three patients participating in a large retrospective study of cetuximab in metastatic, treatment refractory colorectal cancer had tumors which harbored KRAS G12R, were wildtype for NRAS, BRAF and PIK… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20619739 · De Roock et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cobimetinib	Histiocytosis-Lymphadenopathy Plus SyndromeUNRESOLVED	Predictive	C	Supports Sensitivity Response	2	submitted	EID7310 A patient with Rosai-Dorfman disease havored KRAS G12R mutation were treated with cobimetinib. A perirenal soft-tissue mass (12cm by 11cm by 22cm) showed substantial response. PMID 29236635 · Jacobsen et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC	civic
Dasatinib	Malignant Thyroid Gland Neoplasm	Predictive	D	Supports Sensitivity Response	—	submitted	EID3997 In an in vitro study, a thyroid cancer cell line, CAL62, which harbors the KRAS G12R mutation, was associated with increased sensitivity to dasatinib treatment (IC50: 35nM). Sensitivity was determined… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22740998 · Chan et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
Erlotinib	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3993 In a retrospective study of 274 stage IIIB or IV non-small cell lung cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (25/55) treated with erlotinib plus chemotherapy were associated with decreas… (full text at CIViC) PMID 16043828 · Eberhard et al., 2005 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3995 In a prospective study of 522 European non-small cell lung cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (42/307) treated with erlotinib as a second-, third-line or more treatment were associa… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22982650 · Cadranel et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC	civic
Panitumumab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	accepted	EID2264 In a retrospective study of 427 metastatic colorectal patients, KRAS mutations were observed in 43% of the tumor samples. Patients with mutations in codon 12 or 13 of KRAS were associated with reduced… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18316791 · Amado et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID2265 KRAS mutations have been reported in 30-50% of colorectal carcinomas. PMID 16953233 · Oliveira et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID2266 KRAS mutations have been reported in 30-50% of colorectal carcinomas. PMID 2547513 · Bos, 1989 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID2267 KRAS mutations have been reported in 30-50% of colorectal carcinomas. PMID 8462792 · Benhattar et al., 1993 · Open in CIViC	civic
Regorafenib Anhydrous	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	1	accepted	EID3991 In an in vitro study, a human colon adenocarcinoma SW48 cell line expressing KRAS G12R mutation demonstrated resistance to regorafenib treatment (IC50: 181.77 nM vs. 114.28 nM, P<0.01) compared to SW4… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26161928 · Camaj et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC	civic
Sunitinib	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3992 In an in vitro study, colorectal cancer SW48 cell line expressing KRAS G12R mutation demonstrated reduced sensitivity to sunitinib treatment (IC50: 4.5uM vs. 2.6uM, P<0.05) compared to SW48 cells expr… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23455880 · Modest et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC	civic
Vemurafenib	Thyroid Gland Carcinoma	Predictive	D	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID3999 In an in vitro study, a CAL62 cell line expressing KRAS G12R demonstrated reduced sensitivity to vemurafenib treatment, compared to BRAF V600E expressing cells (8505C, SWI1736, BHT101 and BCPAP). Sens… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19880792 · Salerno et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic

KRAS G12S14
(diagnostic)	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Diagnostic	B	Supports Positive	3	submitted	EID7168 G12S were associated with worse overall survival (2 to 3 fold increased risk for long term death) compared with patients with wtKRAS and were independent prognostic factors of worse OS of patients (Fi… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26038887 · Margonis et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	3	accepted	EID4006 This was a retrospective study of 691 cetuximab treated patients with metastatic, chemotherapy refractory colorectal cancer. Of those, 16 patients harbored KRAS G12S, were BRAF, NRAS and PIK3CA wt, an… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20619739 · De Roock et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	B	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4005 In a retrospective study of 23 EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with KRAS codon G12 or G13 mutations (n=6) treated with cetuximab were associated with decreased partial … (full text at CIViC) PMID 17363584 · Benvenuti et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4000 In a retrospective study of 30 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation (n=13) treated with cetuximab and standard chemotherapy were associated with an absen… (full text at CIViC) PMID 16618717 · Lièvre et al., 2006 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4001 In a retrospective study of 113 metastatic irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation treated with cetuximab plus irinotecan (34/83) were associated… (full text at CIViC) PMID 17998284 · De Roock et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	rejected	EID4002 In a retrospective study of 168 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (32/92) treated with cetuximab as salvage therapy (second-line therapy or higher) in combina… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4003 In a retrospective study of 59 metastatic, chemotherapy-refractory, colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (n=22) treated with cetuximab and standard chemotherapy were assoc… (full text at CIViC) PMID 17375050 · Di Fiore et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4004 In a retrospective study of 89 metastatic irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer patients, patients with a KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutation (n=24) treated with cetuximab plus chemotherapy were associated… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18202412 · Lièvre et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4007 In a retrospective study of 572 advanced colorectal cancer patients, patients treated with cetuximab and best supportive care with a KRAS exon 2 mutation (81/164) were associated with reduced response… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18946061 · Karapetis et al., 2008 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4008 In a retrospective study of 32 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, a patient with KRAS G12S mutation treated with cetuximab was reported to be a non-responder, whereas none of the 10 partial respon… (full text at CIViC) PMID 18669866 · Perrone et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4009 In a phase 3 clinical study of 1,198 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations and treated with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI were associated with reduced overal… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21502544 · Van Cutsem et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4010 In a phase 2 clinical study of 344 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations and treated with cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 (n=52) were associated with reduced … (full text at CIViC) PMID 19114683 · Bokemeyer et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
〃	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	—	submitted	EID4011 In a phase 3 clinical study (NCT00154102) of 1198 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring KRAS codon 12 or 13 mutations and treated with cetuximab plus FOLFIRI (n=105) were associate… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19339720 · Van Cutsem et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic
Cetuximab + PanitumumabSubstitutes	Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER	Predictive	C	Supports Resistance	2	accepted	EID6314 In this study, a large cohort of metastatic colorectal cancer patients were treated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab or panitumumab). KRAS PIK3CA and PTEN we… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19223544 · Sartore-Bianchi et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC	civic