Cancer Family
Digestive System Neoplasm
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Cancer Family
CI-CAN-00000012Explore in graph →
Variants & evidence
1,220 evidence items mapped to this entity or its descendants, grouped by molecular profile, then therapy. 50 items per page.
| Therapy | Cancer | Type | Level | Direction · significance | Rating (1–5) | Status | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AKT1 S473 Phosphorylation1 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Does Not Support Poor Outcome | 3 | accepted | EID4051This retrospective study examines outcomes of 158 primary sporadic colorectal cancer patients who had undergone surgical resection and were treated with 5-fluorouracil based chemotherapy. Cytoplasmic … (full text at CIViC) PMID 17590872 · Kato et al., 2007 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| ALCAM EXPRESSION1 | ||||||||
| Fluorouracil | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Supports Resistance | 3 | accepted | EID853112 patients with rectal cancer who received 5-FU based chemotherapy and surgery were retrospectively analyzed for expression of Ki67, TS, BAX, EpCAM, p53, p21, EGFR, CD44, CD133, CD166, HIF1α and ALD… (full text at CIViC) PMID 24708484 · Sim et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| APC Mutation4 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | C | Supports Poor Outcome | 1 | submitted | EID8038While evidence from multiple clinical studies establishing a strong association between loss of function mutations in APC and response to 5-fluorouracil is lacking, some studies suggest APC mutations … (full text at CIViC) PMID 19307944 · Chen et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| G007-LK | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 4 | accepted | EID446G007-LK inhibits in vivo tumor growth in a subset of APC-mutant colorectal cancers xenograft models but may be limited by intestinal toxicity. PMID 23539443 · Lau et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| JW55 | Colon Carcinoma | Predictive | D | Supports | ||||
| NRG1 Fusion + KRAS WildtypeNRG1KRAS1 | ||||||||
| Afatinib | Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma | Predictive | C | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID7493Whole genome sequencing and transcriptomic analysis were performed on 47 advanced PDAC patients. 3/47 patients were KRAS wildtype and all three of these cases harbored a NRG1 fusion. In a 54-year-old … (full text at CIViC) PMID 31068372 · Jones et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| AREG Expression2 | ||||||||
| Cetuximab | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID788226 cetuximab-treated patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) were analyzed for mRNA expression (by qPCR) of EGFR and its ligands (EGF, TGFA, AREG and EREG). High AREG mRNA expression in KRAS wild type … (full text at CIViC) PMID 23374602 · Pentheroudakis et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Panitumumab | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 4 | accepted | EID1020Prospectively planned retrospective biomarker study in archived tumor tissue from 323 patients from the PICCOLO trial (panitumumab plus irinotecan in CRC patients with KRAS wt). Tumors were classified… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26867820 · Seligmann et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| ARID1A Loss1 | ||||||||
| Sorafenib | Malignant Liver Neoplasm | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | submitted | EID7328Arid1a-deficiency activates Ang2-dependent angiogenesis and promotes HCC progression. Loss of Arid1a in HCCs confers sensitivity to Ang2 blockade and sorafenib treatment. PMID 29113912 · Hu et al., 2018 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| ARID1A Q456*1 | ||||||||
| Dasatinib | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID4487In an in vitro study, human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 cell line was made to homozygously express ARID1A Q546* via adeno-associated virus-mediated somatic gene targeting. Compared to the paren… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27364904 · Miller et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| ARID1A Underexpression1 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Gastric Neoplasm | Prognostic | D | Supports Poor Outcome | 4 | accepted | EID5675In this study, real-time quantitative RT-PCR assays were used in 66 pairs of cancerous and matched adjacent normal tissues. In 43 of those pairs, the expression level of ARID1A was significantly lower… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22808142 · Wang et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| ARID2 R1273* (c.3817C>T)1 | ||||||||
| (predisposing) | Hepatocellular Carcinoma | Predisposing | D | Supports Predisposition | 3 | submitted | EID8051Mutation of ARID2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is often seen. There is about 6/16 of the truncated mutations found at the C2H2 domain (zinc finger) and about 16/24 mutations show that this domain… (full text at CIViC) PMID 32071245 · Jiang et al., 2020 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| ATM Mutation2 | ||||||||
| Olaparib | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Does Not Support Sensitivity Response | 2 | submitted | EID13082In this phase II basket trial (TAPUR), response to olaparib treatment was examined in four cohorts with ATM mutations. In the colorectal cancer cohort (27 evaluable patients) there was one PR and thre… (full text at CIViC) PMID 41538762 · Carrizosa et al., 2026 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm | Predictive | B | Does Not Support Sensitivity Response | 2 | submitted | EID13083In this phase II basket trial (TAPUR), response to olaparib treatment was examined in four cohorts with ATM mutations. In the pancreatic cancer cohort (25 evaluable patients) there was one PR and five… (full text at CIViC) PMID 41538762 · Carrizosa et al., 2026 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| ATM R2034Ter1 | ||||||||
| Olaparib | Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma | Predictive | C | Supports Sensitivity Response | 1 | submitted | EID13230A 77 year old man with metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with somatic ATM R2034Ter mutation received off label olaparib after prior chemotherap. His disease remained stable for 18 months. PMID 40273902 · Vornhülz et al., 2025 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| ATM Underexpression4 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 2 | accepted | EID1292Absent expression of ATM, as assessed by IHC in 133 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas, was found to be associated with dismal prognosis (median survival, 9.6 months), whereas expression of ATM was ass… (full text at CIViC) PMID 25423555 · Kamphues et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Olaparib | Gastric Adenocarcinoma | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 4 | accepted | EID878Low ATM protein expression led to sensitivity to PARP inhibitors in TP53 -ve gastric cancer cell lines (8 lines were used for various aspects of this study). PMID 24841718 · Kubota et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Olaparib + PaclitaxelCombination | Malignant Gastric Neoplasm | Predictive | B | Does Not Support Sensitivity Response | ||||
| NRG1 Fusion1 | ||||||||
| Afatinib | Cholangiocarcinoma | Predictive | C | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID5858In a single patient with presumed cholangiocarcinoma a novel ATP1B1-NRG1 gene fusion was detected. Integrative genome analysis was used to assess the potential functional significance of the gene fusi… (full text at CIViC) PMID 28950338 · Jones et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| NRG1 Fusion + KRAS WildtypeNRG1KRAS1 | ||||||||
| Afatinib | Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma | Predictive | C | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID7492Whole genome sequencing and transcriptomic analysis were performed on 47 advanced PDAC patients. 3/47 patients were KRAS wildtype and all three of these cases harbored a NRG1 fusion. A 59-year-old met… (full text at CIViC) PMID 31068372 · Jones et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| ATXN1L Loss1 | ||||||||
| Trametinib | Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm | Predictive | D | Supports Resistance | 3 | submitted | EID5123ATXN1L loss reduced sensitivity to trametinib in KRAS G12V pancreatic cancer cells (PATU8902, PATU8988T). PMID 28178529 · Wang et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| AURKA Amplification1 | ||||||||
| Alisertib + CisplatinCombination | Esophageal AdenocarcinomaALIAS | Predictive | E | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID456Antitumour effect of alisertib treatment in esophageal adenocarcinomas can be intensified in combination with cisplatin. PMID 22302096 · Sehdev et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| AURKA EXPRESSION1 | ||||||||
| Cisplatin + Fluorouracil + Radiation TherapyCombination | Esophageal Squamous Cell CarcinomaALIAS | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID1653A retrospective study examining the expression of AURKA in tumor samples of 78 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma patients found that positive expression of AURKA (>10% of cells by IHC) was correlated… (full text at CIViC) PMID 25924824 · Tamotsu et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| AURKA Overexpression1 | ||||||||
| Alisertib + CisplatinCombination | Esophageal AdenocarcinomaALIAS | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 4 | submitted | EID9627The efficacy of novel AURKA inhibitor alisertib (MLN8327) was tested alone or in combination with cisplatin in three esophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines (FLO-1, OE19 and OE33) that overexpress AURKA.… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22302096 · Sehdev et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| AXL EXPRESSION1 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Esophageal Squamous Cell CarcinomaALIAS | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 4 | accepted | EID1655Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors from 116 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma found that expression of AXL was associated with increased progression of the tumor (P < 0.0001), increased risk of d… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27172793 · Hsieh et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| B2M Mutation1 | ||||||||
| Nivolumab + PembrolizumabSubstitutes | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Does Not Support Resistance | 3 | submitted | EID7271Fifty-nine (3.4%) of 1,751 patients with CRC harbored B2M mutations, with 84% (77 of 92) of the mutations predicted to be truncating. B2M mutations were significantly enriched in MSI-H CRCs, with 44 (… (full text at CIViC) PMID 31008436 · Middha et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BARD1 Loss-of-function1 | ||||||||
| Olaparib | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID5953Loss of BARD1 function through the expression of a BARD1 splice variant, BARD1β, results in a more malignant phenotype with decreased RAD51 foci formation, reduced BRCA1 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, … (full text at CIViC) PMID 27197561 · Ozden et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BCOR Mutation1 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Gastric Neoplasm | Prognostic | B | Supports Better Outcome | 3 | accepted | EID168146 patients with poorly cohesive, signet-cell ring, gastric carcinoma were evaluated for genetic mutations. Overall survival rate of BCOR positive cases were significantly better than BCOR negative c… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27313181 · Rokutan et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BIRC7 Amplification1 | ||||||||
| Cisplatin | Malignant Colon Neoplasm | Predictive | D | Supports Resistance | 4 | accepted | EID661Livin (BIRC7) overexpression in two colon cancer cell lines (RKO and SW620) increased resistance of these cells to cisplatin. siRNA knockdown of Livin rendered the cells more sensitive to cisplatin. T… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23188704 · Ding et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF Amplification1 | ||||||||
| Dabrafenib + PanitumumabCombination | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | C | Supports Resistance | 3 | accepted | EID2929Paired pre-treatment and post-progression tumor biopsies from BRAF-mutant CRC patients treated with RAF inhibitor combinations were analyzed. Alterations in MAPK pathway genes were found in resistant … (full text at CIViC) PMID 25673644 · Ahronian et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF APC1 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Positive | 3 | rejected | EID1941In a study of 468 colorectal cancer samples, 407 patients had micro-satellite stable tumors and there was a statistically significantly better prognosis for APC WT patients relative to APC-mutated pat… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27302369 · Schell et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF Class 2 Mutations1 | ||||||||
| Cetuximab + PanitumumabSubstitutes | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Does Not Support Sensitivity Response | 4 | submitted | EID7574In a multicenter pooled analysis of consecutive patients with non-V600 BRAF mutated metastatic colorectal cancer, the effects of anti-EGFR antibody therapy were analyzed. Non-V600 BRAF mutations were … (full text at CIViC) PMID 31515458 · Yaeger et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF Class 3 Mutations1 | ||||||||
| Cetuximab + PanitumumabSubstitutes | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 4 | submitted | EID7575In a multicenter pooled analysis of consecutive patients with non-V600 BRAF mutated metastatic colorectal cancer, the effects of anti-EGFR antibody therapy were analyzed. Non-V600 BRAF mutations were … (full text at CIViC) PMID 31515458 · Yaeger et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF D5941 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Does Not Support Poor Outcome | 3 | submitted | EID7477Data from 117 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) harboring various BRAF mutations and 540 patients with mCRC harboring BRAF wild type were analyzed. BRAF mutation type was categorized t… (full text at CIViC) PMID 30967421 · Schirripa et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF D594G5 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 2 | accepted | EID1553In a study of 908 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), 7 patients had BRAF D595G mutations and 589 patients were BRAF wild type. The survival rate of CRC patients at 3 years was significantly poorer… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27404270 · Amaki-Takao et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 1 | accepted | EID1551In a study of 908 patients with colorectal cancer, 7 patients had BRAF (D594G) mutations and 45 patients had BRAF (V600E) mutations. Overall clinicopathological implications of BRAF V600E and D594G mu… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27404270 · Amaki-Takao et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Cetuximab + IrinotecanCombination | ||||||||
| BRAF D594K2 | ||||||||
| Irinotecan | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Supports Resistance | 3 | accepted | EID6402The presence of BRAF V600E or D594K was associated with reduced progression-free survival in 5 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with irinotecan-based first line therapy (3.5mo vs. 12… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Oxaliplatin | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Supports Resistance | 3 | accepted | EID6403Of 100 metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin-based first-line therapy, the 6 patients with either BRAF V600E or D594K had reduced progression-free survival compared to 94 pati… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19603024 · Souglakos et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF DELNVTAP1 | ||||||||
| Vemurafenib | Malignant Pancreatic Neoplasm | Predictive | D | Supports Resistance | — | submitted | EID4798In an in vitro study, 537Mel, OV-90 and H2405 cell lines expressing BRAF N486_P490del mutation demonstrated resistance to vemurafenib treatment, compared to A-375 cell expressing BRAF V600E mutation. … (full text at CIViC) PMID 26996308 · Foster et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF G466A1 | ||||||||
| Cetuximab | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | C | Supports Resistance | — | submitted | EID4499In a retrospective study of 53, KRAS exon 2 wild-type, metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring BRAF G466A (n=1), G469A (n=2), D594G (n=1), or V600E (n=2) mutations were reported to b… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26989027 · Hsu et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF G466V3 | ||||||||
| Cetuximab | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | submitted | EID12437In the study with a tumour from a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer BRAF (G466V) and wild-type RAS and NF1. Treament with Panitumumab and irinotecan cause tumour regression. And in tumour cell… (full text at CIViC) PMID 28783719 · Yao et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Irinotecan + PanitumumabCombination | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID7552In the study with a tumor from a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer BRAF (G466V) and wild-type RAS and NF1. Treament with Panitumumab and irinotecan cause tumor regression. And in tumor cells o… (full text at CIViC) PMID 28783719 · Yao et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Vemurafenib | ||||||||
| BRAF G469A1 | ||||||||
| Cetuximab | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | C | Supports Resistance | — | submitted | EID4182In a retrospective study of 53, KRAS exon 2 wild-type, metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring BRAF G466A (n=1), G469A (n=2), D594G (n=1), or V600E (n=2) mutations were reported to b… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26989027 · Hsu et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BRAF G5961 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Does Not Support Poor Outcome | 3 | submitted | EID7478Data from 117 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) harboring various BRAF mutations and 540 patients with mCRC harboring BRAF wild type were analyzed. BRAF mutation type was categorized t… (full text at CIViC) PMID 30967421 · Schirripa et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
Data updated 23 hours agoSource updated unknownsource: civic (CC0)
Evidence levels, directions and ratings are those assigned by CIViC curators. "Submitted" items have not completed curation review. This is not treatment guidance.
| 3 |
| accepted |
EID445Canonical Wnt signaling in colon carcinoma cells with APC mutation was inhibited by JW55 treatment. PMID 22440753 · Waaler et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC |
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| Regorafenib | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 2 | submitted | EID13262In a retrospective analysis of 76 patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer treated with regorafenib, APC mutations were detected in approximately 57% of tumors and were significantly asso… (full text at CIViC) PMID 33224274 · Lee et al., 2020 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 4 |
| submitted |
EID7708This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study (GOLD) recruited Asian patients with advanced gastric cancer that had progressed after first-line chemotherapy. Patients were randomly … (full text at CIViC) PMID 29103871 · Bang et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC |
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| 〃 | Malignant Gastric Neoplasm | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 1 | accepted | EID5215A randomized phase 2 trial investigating the efficiency of Olaparib plus Paclitaxel vs. Placebo plus Paclitaxel in recurrent or metastatic gastric cancer patients. 123 patients received treatment. Com… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26282658 · Bang et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER |
| Predictive |
| C |
| Does Not Support Resistance |
| 3 |
| accepted |
EID2201One patient participating in a large retrospective study of cetuximab in metastatic, treatment refractory colorectal cancer had a tumor which harbored BRAF D594G and was wildtype for KRAS, NRAS and PI… (full text at CIViC) PMID 20619739 · De Roock et al., 2010 · Open in CIViC |
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| 〃 | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | C | Supports Resistance | 3 | accepted | EID4472In a retrospective study of 53, KRAS exon 2 wild-type, metastatic colorectal cancer patients, patients harboring BRAF G466A (n=1), G469A (n=2), D594G (n=1), or V600E (n=2) mutations were reported to b… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26989027 · Hsu et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Cetuximab + PanitumumabSubstitutes | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | C | Does Not Support Resistance | 1 | accepted | EID1554Two patients with stage IV BRAF (D594G) mutations received anti-EGFR antibody therapy (cetuximab and panitumumab). The first patient was on FOLFOX plus bevacizumab and showed no signs of progression f… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27404270 · Amaki-Takao et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER |
| Predictive |
| D |
| Does Not Support Sensitivity Response |
| 3 |
| accepted |
EID7553In the study with a tumor from a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer BRAF (G466V) and wild-type RAS and NF1. Treatment with Panitumumab and irinotecan cause tumor regression. And in tumor cells … (full text at CIViC) PMID 28783719 · Yao et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC |
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