Cancer
Neoplasm of Uncertain Histogenesis
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Cancer
CI-CAN-00000034Explore in graph →
Variants & evidence
7,620 evidence items mapped to this entity or its descendants, grouped by molecular profile, then therapy. 50 items per page.
| Therapy | Cancer | Type | Level | Direction · significance | Rating (1–5) | Status | Evidence | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PBX1 Fusion5 | ||||||||
| (diagnostic) | B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(1;19)(q23;p13.3); TCF3-PBX1ALIAS | Diagnostic | B | Supports Positive | 4 | accepted | EID11717This study from 1991 (before the advent of next-generation sequencing) aimed to decipher molecular basis and oncogenic mechanisms of the t(1;19)(q23;p13), which was already known at the time as a rec… (full text at CIViC) PMID 1671560 · Hunger et al., 1991 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(1;19)(q23;p13.3); TCF3-PBX1ALIAS | Diagnostic | B | Supports Positive | 4 | accepted | EID11772From 1101 patients enrolled in 4 consecutive acute lymphoblastic leukemia clinical trials at St Jude Children's Research Hospital (1979-1994), 45 of them were identified to bear t(1;19)(q23;p13) or d… (full text at CIViC) PMID 7989935 · Pui et al., 1994 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| (oncogenic) | B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(1;19)(q23;p13.3); TCF3-PBX1ALIAS | Oncogenic | E | Supports Oncogenicity | 3 | accepted | EID11719In an earlier study of 15 patients with TCF3::PBX1 B-ALL, 2 of the 15 had neonatal blood spots found to be positive for the TCF3::PBX1 fusion breakpoint using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this … (full text at CIViC) PMID 31434706 · Hein et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| HyperCVAD Regimen | B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(1;19)(q23;p13.3); TCF3-PBX1ALIAS | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 4 | submitted | EID11720While it is not common in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the t(1;19)(q23;p13) rearrangement is still a hallmark for favorable prognosis in a retrospective cohort study with 427 adult patien… (full text at CIViC) PMID 32955970 · Yilmaz et al., 2021 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| NCT00137111 | B Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia with t(1;19)(q23;p13.3); TCF3-PBX1ALIAS | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 4 | submitted | EID11718Clinical trials conducted at St Jude Children's Research Hospital revealed that patients with pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have the TCF3::PBX1 fusion exhibit a favorable overall outcome when… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19282835 · Jeha et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TEK R849W1 | ||||||||
| Bosutinib | Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, BCR-ABL1 PositiveALIAS | Predictive | D | Supports Resistance | 2 | submitted | EID7517In an in vitro kinase study, the recombinant TEK R849W mutant kinase demonstrated resistance to bosutinib treatment at concentrations of 1μM and 10μM (activity %: 77 and 35) when compared to wild type… (full text at CIViC) PMID 19039322 · Remsing Rix et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| JAK2 Fusion2 | ||||||||
| (diagnostic) | B Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma, BCR-ABL1-Like | Diagnostic | C | Supports Positive | 4 | submitted | EID7703In B-lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (B-ALL), the presence of this fusion is associated with so-called BCR/ABL1 like (Ph-like) subtype of the disease. The TERF2-JAK2 fusionis rare. This study was cond… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27894077 · Boer et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | B Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma, BCR-ABL1-Like | Diagnostic | C | Supports Positive | 3 | accepted | EID7702In the study involving 1725 B-ALL patients, 264 were identified by microarray-based algorithm to have a Ph-like expression signature. Next generation sequencing (RNAseq, WGS, and/or WES) performed on … (full text at CIViC) PMID 25207766 · Roberts et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TERT Amplification1 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Acral Lentiginous Melanoma | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 3 | accepted | EID514In patients with acral lentiginous melanoma, those with amplification of TERT had shorter overall survival. PMID 25219713 · Diaz et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TERT C228T4 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Thyroid Gland Papillary CarcinomaALIAS | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 5 | accepted | EID655In patients with papillary thyroid cancer harboring both BRAF V600E and the TERT promotor mutation C228T, recurrence-free survival is worse than in patients harboring one of these mutations or no muta… (full text at CIViC) PMID 25024077 · Xing et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| (diagnostic) | Malignant Thyroid Gland Neoplasm | Diagnostic | B | Supports Positive | 3 | accepted | EID1646In 308 thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsies, 0 of the 179 benign tumors displayed either the C228T or the C250T TERT promoter mutation; however, 9 of the 129 differentiated thyroid cancers had eith… (full text at CIViC) PMID 25121551 · Liu et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| (prognostic) | GlioblastomaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | |||||
| TERT C250T1 | ||||||||
| (oncogenic) | GlioblastomaCURATED_BROADER | Oncogenic | B | Supports Oncogenicity | 4 | submitted | EID10331TERT promoter mutations are activating and commonly found at two hotspots within the TERT promoter region which occur 124 and 146 base pairs (hg19) upstream of the translation start site. These hotspo… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23955565 · Nonoguchi et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TERT Overexpression1 | ||||||||
| UO126 | Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | submitted | EID2900A total of 96 histopathologically confirmed RCC cases and corresponding normal tissues were subjected to hTERT gene expression using real-time PCR. Two RCC cell lines viz. ACHN and A498 were treated w… (full text at CIViC) PMID 28215740 · Pal et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TERT Promoter Mutation8 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | GlioblastomaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 4 | accepted | EID516In 187 patients with glioblastoma, those with TERT promoter mutations had worse cummulative survival than wild-type patients. The most common mutation was C228T (73% of mutants) followed by C250T (27%… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23955565 · Nonoguchi et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma | Prognostic | B | Supports Better Outcome | 4 | submitted | EID7968Patients with mutations at TERT promoter region of -124 and -146 of ATG showed poor survival in the absence but not in the presence of the variant allele of a common polymorphism with ID of rs2853669 … (full text at CIViC) PMID 24101484 · Rachakonda et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Cutaneous MelanomaALIAS | Prognostic | ||||||
| TET1 mutation1 | ||||||||
| Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor | Malignant NeoplasmALIAS | Predictive | C | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | submitted | EID12409In a retrospective study on TCGA data, the presence of non-synonymous mutations in TET1 is enriched in patients responding to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment (n=519, P = 0.003). In an ICI-treate… (full text at CIViC) PMID 31623662 · Wu et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TET2 Mutation7 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Acute Myeloid LeukemiaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Does Not Support N/A | 4 | accepted | EID415In a cohort of 783 young adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia, those with TET2 mutations did not have significantly different rates of complete recovery, refractory disease, or hypoplastic death… (full text at CIViC) PMID 22430270 · Gaidzik et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Myelodysplastic SyndromeCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Better Outcome | 4 | accepted | EID417In patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, those with TET2 mutations have been shown to have better overall survival than patients without TET2 mutations. PMID 19666869 · Kosmider et al., 2009 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Acute Myeloid LeukemiaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | ||||||
| TFAP4 mutation1 | ||||||||
| (oncogenic) | Burkitt Lymphoma | Oncogenic | E | Supports Oncogenicity | 3 | submitted | EID11826Mutations in this gene have been described in several genome-wide studies PMID 30617194 · Grande et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TFE3 VCP::TFE31 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Renal Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 4 | rejected | EID10148This study evaluates 200 nephrectomy cases. Within the 200 cases, there are four cases that are Xp11.2 translocation renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Previous studies identified two stages (pediatric and … (full text at CIViC) PMID 34917511 · Ge et al., 2021 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TFEB Amplification1 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Renal Cell Carcinoma with MiT Translocations | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 4 | submitted | EID10625This manuscript is a study of 37 TFEB-altered tumors, 15 of which are associated with TFEB amplification at 6p21.1 and 22 of which are associated with TFEB-rearrangement. Previous literature had indic… (full text at CIViC) PMID 31600176 · Gupta et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TFF3 EXPRESSION1 | ||||||||
| Aminoglutethimide + TamoxifenSubstitutes | Malignant Breast Neoplasm | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID823TFF3 expression was assessed by IHC in 75 patients, 187 patients were identified for the validation cohort. TFF3 expression was associated with response to endocrine therapy (tamoxifen, aminoglutethim… (full text at CIViC) PMID 25900183 · May et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TF Loss1 | ||||||||
| Vemurafenib | Melanoma | Predictive | D | Supports Resistance | 3 | submitted | EID6269An in vitro study of M229 (a human melanoma cell line) endogenously expressing wildtype PTEN and BRAF V600E (a known BRAF inhibitor sensitizing mutation) found that PTEN knockdown cells (achieved via … (full text at CIViC) PMID 24265155 · Shi et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TGFA EXPRESSION1 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 3 | accepted | EID785Primary tumors of 91 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma were analyzed for expression of EGFR and TGF-alpha using IHC. Expression of EGFR or TGF-alpha were associated with reduced dise… (full text at CIViC) PMID 9625170 · Rubin Grandis et al., 1998 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TGFBR3 TGFBR31 | ||||||||
| (diagnostic) | Malignant Prostate Neoplasm | Diagnostic | B | Supports Positive | 3 | submitted | EID7225Genes not previously reported to be significantly mutated in PCa, such as cell division cycle 27 homolog (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (CDC27), myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia 3 (MLL3), lysine… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23265383 · Lindberg et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| THBS2 UNDEREXPRESSION1 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 3 | accepted | EID974172 patients treated with neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) were retrospectively analyzed for expression of thrombospondin 2 (THBS2) using IHC (discovery set with 46 rectal cancer patien… (full text at CIViC) PMID 26807188 · Lin et al., 2015 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TIMP1 Overexpression2 | ||||||||
| Fulvestrant | Malignant Breast Neoplasm | Predictive | D | Supports Resistance | 2 | accepted | EID901TIMP1 overexpression was associated with resistance to fulvestrant in breast cancer cell lines. PMID 23881388 · Bjerre et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Paclitaxel | Malignant Breast Neoplasm | Predictive | B | Supports Resistance | 2 | accepted | EID927High expression of TIMP-1 was assessed by IHC in 99 primary breast cancers that had not spread beyond the breast after 6 postoperative courses of paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. High TIMP1 levels were … (full text at CIViC) PMID 22544540 · Zhu et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| TLK2 Amplification1 | ||||||||
| GF109203X + Go6983Substitutes | Malignant Breast Neoplasm | Predictive | D | Supports Sensitivity Response | 3 | accepted | EID6000TLK2 inhibition selectively inhibits the growth of TLK2-high breast cancer cells, downregulates ERα, BCL2 and SKP2, impairs G1/S cell cycle progression, induces apoptosis and significantly improves pr… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27694828 · Kim et al., 2016 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| BCL11B Fusion1 | ||||||||
| (diagnostic) | T Acute Lymphoblastic LeukemiaCURATED_BROADER | Diagnostic | C | Supports Positive | 3 | submitted | EID8564TLX3, also known as HOX11L2 is a homeobox gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 5. TLX3 is not expressed in normal T-cell development. In this paper, the authors described a "new" cryptic transl… (full text at CIViC) PMID 11587205 · Bernard et al., 2001 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| H-bTMB1 | ||||||||
| Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor | Lung Non-Small Cell CarcinomaCURATED_BROADER | Predictive | B | Supports Sensitivity Response | 4 | accepted | EID12724The use of circulating tumor DNA in blood for TMB assessment was tested. The cancer gene panel NCC-GP150, which covers the whole exon regions of 150 genes, was created and tested for correlation again… (full text at CIViC) PMID 30816954 · Wang et al., 2019 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| High6 | ||||||||
| (prognostic) | Malignant Ovarian Neoplasm | Prognostic | B | Supports Better Outcome | 4 | submitted | EID12970This study examined ovarian cancer patients from The Cancer Genomics Atlas totaling 432 patient profiles. Patients were grouped into low and high tumor mutational burden (TMB) groups to examine the pr… (full text at CIViC) PMID 33189611 · Fan et al., 2020 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Low Grade Glioma | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 4 | submitted | EID13062In patients with initially low-grade IDH-mutant gliomas previously treated with temozolomide, a high tumor mutational burden (TMB-high)/temozolomide-associated hypermutator phenotype was associated wi… (full text at CIViC) PMID 33823014 · Yu et al., 2021 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| (diagnostic) | Breast Carcinoma | Diagnostic | B | Supports Positive | 3 | accepted | ||
Data updated 4 hours agoSource updated unknownsource: civic (CC0)
Evidence levels, directions and ratings are those assigned by CIViC curators. "Submitted" items have not completed curation review. This is not treatment guidance.
| Supports Poor Outcome |
| 2 |
| submitted |
EID6934Evaluation of 25 Korean patients with primary glioblastomas, individuals with TERT promoter mutations (N=16) had worse overall survival (median 81.7 weeks [95% confidence interval (CI), 61.71–101.85])… (full text at CIViC) PMID 29344264 · Jeong et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC |
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| 〃 | GlioblastomaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | D | Supports Poor Outcome | 2 | submitted | EID6935Surgical samples from 25 Korean patients with primary glioblastomas were disassociated for cell culture and evaluated for TERT promoter mutations (N=16 mutant, N=9 wildtype). All patients harbored the… (full text at CIViC) PMID 29344264 · Jeong et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| B |
| Supports Poor Outcome |
| 3 |
| accepted |
EID515In patients with nonacral cutaneous melanoma, those with mutations in the TERT promoter had shorter overall survival than wild-type patients. PMID 25217772 · Griewank et al., 2014 · Open in CIViC |
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| (diagnostic) | Malignant Thyroid Gland Neoplasm | Diagnostic | B | Supports Positive | 3 | accepted | EID657TERT promoter mutations are prevalent in aggressive sub-types of thyroid cancers. This work showed that TERT promoter mutations were significantly more prevalent in the tall cell papillary thyroid car… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23766237 · Liu et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| (prognostic) | Malignant Thyroid Gland Neoplasm | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 3 | accepted | EID658TERT promoter mutation C228T is significantly associated with BRAF V600E mutation, a marker of more aggressive tumors, in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Conversely, the BRAF V600E mutation is signifi… (full text at CIViC) PMID 23766237 · Liu et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | GlioblastomaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 3 | accepted | EID6933In 50 patients with primary glioblastomas, patients without TERT promoter mutations (N=13, median 27 mo) survived longer than those harboring mutations (N=37, 14 mo; P = 0.01 by the log rank test; HR … (full text at CIViC) PMID 23530248 · Killela et al., 2013 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Childhood Low Grade Glioma | Prognostic | C | Supports Poor Outcome | 4 | accepted | EID7188The aim of this Chinese study was to identify prognostic biomarkers for pediatric low-grade gliomas (PLGG). Approximately 300 patients were included. Using Sanger sequencing, mutations at TERT promote… (full text at CIViC) PMID 29948154 · Yang et al., 2018 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| Iodine I-131 | Thyroid Gland Carcinoma | Predictive | B | Supports Resistance | 3 | submitted | EID6961Differentiated thyroid cancer patients with distant metastatic disease (N=66) were evaluated for radioiodine uptake and therapeutic response. Compared to patients with wildtype TERT, patients with TER… (full text at CIViC) PMID 27493271 · Yang et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| B |
| Supports Better Outcome |
| 4 |
| accepted |
EID419In patients with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia, those in the intermediate-I risk group with TET2 mutations had higher rates of complete remission. PMID 22430270 · Gaidzik et al., 2012 · Open in CIViC |
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| 〃 | Acute Myeloid LeukemiaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports N/A | 4 | accepted | EID421In patients with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia, those in the intermediate-I risk group with TET2 mutations did not have significantly different rates of event-free survival, complete r… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21343549 · Metzeler et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Acute Myeloid LeukemiaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 4 | accepted | EID426In patients classified as intermediate-risk via cytogenetics, TET2 mutations have been shown to be correlated with poor prognosis. PMID 21828143 · Chou et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Acute Myeloid LeukemiaCURATED_BROADER | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 4 | accepted | EID427In patients with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia, those in the ELN favorable-risk group with TET2 mutations had shorter event-free survival, lower rates of complete remission, and shorte… (full text at CIViC) PMID 21343549 · Metzeler et al., 2011 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| (oncogenic) | Diffuse Large B-Cell LymphomaCURATED_BROADER | Oncogenic | E | Supports Oncogenicity | 4 | submitted | EID11992This study reportedly sequenced 1001 DLBCL tumors using whole exome sequencing. They reported 150 recurrently mutated genes. Some concerns about the validity of the results have been expressed in subs… (full text at CIViC) PMID 28985567 · Reddy et al., 2017 · Open in CIViC | civic |
EID13105Tumor mutational burden (TMB) derived from MSK-IMPACT targeted next-generation sequencing was evaluated in 7,894 breast cancers, from which 527 TMB-high tumors from 462 patients were identified. Tumor… (full text at CIViC) PMID 40775459 · Vougiouklakis et al., 2025 · Open in CIViC |
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| (prognostic) | Rectal AdenocarcinomaALIAS | Prognostic | B | Supports Poor Outcome | 3 | accepted | EID13211This study evaluated genomic biomarkers associated with treatment response and clinical outcomes in patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma (LARC) treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiation … (full text at CIViC) PMID 37260182 · Lee et al., 2023 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| 〃 | Colon Adenocarcinoma | Prognostic | B | Supports Better Outcome | 3 | accepted | EID13242In a single-center observational study of 102 patients with microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colon cancer receiving standard treatments, high tumor mutational burden (TMB ≥10 mutations/Mb) was a… (full text at CIViC) PMID 39639373 · Di Mauro et al., 2024 · Open in CIViC | civic |
| (diagnostic) | Malignant Colorectal NeoplasmCURATED_BROADER | Diagnostic | B | Does Not Support Negative | 2 | submitted | EID12971Whole genome sequencing and staining of anti-CD3 and anti-CD8 antibodies were performed on fresh-frozen tissue from 6 Lynch syndrome associated microsatellite (MSI) colorectal cancer patients and 20 M… (full text at CIViC) PMID 41535448 · Martin et al., 2026 · Open in CIViC | civic |