Calaspargase Pegol or Pegaspargase and Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Younger Patients With Newly Diagnosed High-Risk Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients must be eligible for and enrolled on AALL08B1 or the successor classification study
* Patients must have newly diagnosed high-risk B lymphoblastic leukemia (World Health Organization \[WHO\] 2008 classification) (also termed B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia)
* White blood cell (WBC) \>= 50,000/μL for patients age 1-9 OR any WBC count for patients age 10-30 or for patients treated with prior steroids
* Patients shall have had no prior cytotoxic chemotherapy with the exception of steroids and intrathecal cytarabine; intrathecal chemotherapy with cytarabine is allowed prior to registration for patient convenience; this is usually done at the time of the diagnostic bone marrow or venous line placement to avoid a second lumbar puncture; (Note: the CNS status must be determined based on a sample obtained prior to administration of any systemic or intrathecal chemotherapy, except for steroid pretreatment) systemic chemotherapy must begin within 72 hours of this intrathecal therapy
* Patients receiving prior steroid therapy are eligible for this study; the dose and duration of previous steroid therapy should be carefully documented
* Pregnancy tests with a negative result must be obtained in all post-menarchal females
* Lactating females must agree that they will not breastfeed a child while on this study

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with Down syndrome are excluded from this study
* Patients with testicular leukemia at diagnosis are excluded from this study
* Pregnant female patients are excluded from this study