The Effect of Ciprofol Versus Propofol Anesthesia on Postoperative Neurological Complications

Inclusion Criteria:

* American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I to III
* Patients scheduled for elective surgery for supratentorial intracranial tumors, with imaging findings meeting the following criteria:

  1. Displacement of midline structures (e.g., septum pellucidum, pineal gland, falx cerebri) by ≥5 mm due to the tumor's mass effect or peritumoral edema;
  2. . Compression or deformation of the ventricular system, particularly symmetric or asymmetric narrowing of the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle;
  3. . Shallowed or absent sulci, fissures, and cisterns, with the subarachnoid spaces compressed due to brain tissue swelling or mass effect
* Obtain written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

* History of transient ischemic attack or cerebral infarction within the past one year
* Patients with a history of psychiatric or neurological disorders (such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, or severe myasthenia gravis) or those taking antipsychotic medications, antidepressants, glucocorticoids, as well as patients with alcohol abuse or illicit drug abuse
* Personal history of intellectual disability or a preoperative Mini-Mental State Examination score indicating impaired cognitive function (defined as follows based on the subject's educational level: illiterate \< 17 points, elementary school education \< 20 points, middle school education or higher \< 24 points), language disorders, or inability to cooperate with the researcher during psychiatric assessment
* Uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, or a history of hematological disorders
* Preoperative severe hepatic or renal insufficiency
* Contraindications to the use of cyclopropane and propofol