Percutaneous Pulsed Electric Field Ablation for Early-Stage NSCLC and Lung Oligometastases: A Safety and Efficacy Study

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥18 years but ≤ 79 years, male or female
2. Pathologically diagnosed primary NSCLC and stage IA, or oligometastatic lung tumors that primary cancer has been controlled. the maximum diameter of the lesion is ≤3cm, (Pathological diagnosis includes conventional pathological examination or ROSE rapid on-site evaluation)
3. For multiple primary lung cancers, the number of lesions is ≤3 and the maximum diameter of the lesion(s) is ≤3cm. For metastatic tumors, the number of lesions in one side of lung is ≤3 (total lesions in both sides \<5), the maximum diameter of the lesion(s) is ≤3cm.
4. ECOG score ≤ 2;
5. Expected survival ≥ 12 months;
6. Clinical assessment as unsuitable for surgical resection or refusing surgery and radiotherapy.
7. Assessed by an anesthesiologist as suitable for general anesthesia;
8. Agree to receive ablation therapy and sign the informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Received any form of local tumor therapy for the target lung tumor lesion(s) within 6 months.
2. Currently receiving systemic anti-tumor therapy, such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy etc.

   (For pulmonary oligometastatic tumors with primary cancer controlled already, if systemic anti-tumor therapy still needs to be continued, it is acceptable. For primary NSCLC patients, according to guideline recommendations, no concurrent systemic anti-tumor therapy is indicated).
3. The distance between tumor lesion edge and important structures such as heart, diaphragm and mediastinum is less than 10mm.
4. With a history of hypersensitivity to medications to be used in general anesthesia or drugs required during the procedure/follow-up (such as contrast-enhanced CT scan).
5. Anemia (Hemoglobin (HGB) \< 9 g/dL), dehydration, and severe metabolic disorders that cannot be improved or well managed in the short term.
6. Coagulation abnormalities (INR \>1.5 or APTT \>1.5 ULN), or platelet count below 90 x 10\^9/L.
7. Uncontrolled lung or systemic infection. Or uncontrolled skin infection at the puncture site or fever \> 38.5°C.
8. Currently using anticoagulant therapy and/or antiplatelet drugs (such as warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and other new oral anticoagulants) and have not been discontinued for more than 5 to 7 days prior to ablation therapy.
9. Receiving high-dose immunosuppressive drugs (prednisone exceeding 10mg/day or equivalent). If discontinued for more than 4 weeks, it is acceptable.
10. Subject has comorbidity of severe other lung diseases (including interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, severe emphysema or atelectasis) and unsuitable for enrollment with the judgement of the investigator.
11. Malignant pleural effusion on the treatment side of lung.
12. Severe uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, severe abnormal liver or kidney function, or heart failure that investigator assessed as unsuitable for enrollment.
13. Acute cardio-cerebrovascular events within 3 months, such as acute hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke, acute coronary syndrome, acute myocardial infarction.
14. Psychiatric disease that not well controlled.
15. With a history of recurrent tachyarrhythmia past 2 years. (Including rapid atrial arrhythmias, any rapid ventricular arrhythmias); or history of type II second-degree or III degree atrioventricular block or sinus bradycardia with heart rate \< 45 beats/min, or sinus tachycardia \> 120 beats/min.
16. Implanted electronic device in the body (such as pacemaker, implantable cardioverter defibrillator, or neurostimulator).

    (it is acceptable If the implanted electronic device is allowed to be turned off during the procedure)
17. There is metal implants near the lesion to be ablated lesion (distance \< 2-3cm) in the lung.
18. Patient is currently participating in another clinical trial.
19. Pregnant or breastfeeding women, or women planning to become pregnant during the study period.
20. Other situations judged by investigator as unsuitable for enrollment.