Clinical Trial on the Protective Role of Vitamin B3 in Enhancing Immunotherapy for Bladder Cancer Patients

Inclusion Criteria

1. The patient voluntarily agrees to participate, is able to provide written informed consent, and is willing and able to comply with the protocol and schedule of assessments.
2. Aged ≥18 years on the date of signing the informed-consent form (ICF).
3. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 or 1 (Appendix 1).
4. Residual tumour after TURBT and histologically confirmed urothelial carcinoma of the bladder staged cT2-T4a N0 M0 by AJCC 8th edition imaging; for mixed-histology tumours, the urothelial component must be predominant (≥50 %).
5. An infection occurring from 30 days to 1 day before the first dose of immuno-chemotherapy that, in the judgement of the attending physician, required oral or intravenous bactericidal antibiotics and met any of the following diagnostic criteria:

   1. Clinical features (e.g. ≥38.3 °C or sustained ≥38 °C for ≥1 h with chills, local pain, dysuria, etc.) plus laboratory evidence (WBC \> 10 × 10⁹/L or \< 4 × 10⁹/L, neutrophilia / neutropenia, markedly elevated CRP) consistent with bacterial infection;
   2. Abnormal urinalysis suggestive of urinary-tract infection (e.g. WBC \> 10/HPF, bacteria seen on high-power field, nitrite positive) with pathogen confirmed by urine culture;
   3. Infection confirmed by imaging or other microbiological tests (e.g. blood culture, nasopharyngeal swab, sputum culture).

   Permitted bactericidal antibiotics (oral or IV) include but are not limited to:
   1. β-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems);
   2. Glycopeptides (vancomycin, teicoplanin);
   3. Quinolones (levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin);
   4. Aminoglycosides (gentamicin, streptomycin).
6. Adequate organ function, documented within ≤14 days before enrolment:

   a. No growth-factor support ≤14 days before sampling and: i. Absolute neutrophil count ≥1.5 × 10⁹/L; ii. Platelets ≥90 × 10⁹/L; iii. Haemoglobin ≥90 g/L; b. INR or aPTT ≤1.5 × ULN; c. Total bilirubin ≤1.5 × ULN (≤3 × ULN for Gilbert's syndrome or isolated indirect hyper-bilirubinaemia of extra-hepatic origin); d. AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase ≤2.5 × ULN; e. Pulmonary function adequate to tolerate major abdominal surgery.
7. Considered cisplatin-eligible by the investigator. Patients deemed cisplatin-ineligible must meet ≥1 of: ECOG \> 1 or Karnofsky 60-70 %; creatinine clearance \< 60 mL/min; NCI-CTCAE v5.0 grade ≥2 hearing loss; NCI-CTCAE v5.0 grade ≥2 peripheral neuropathy; New York Heart Association class III or IV heart failure.
8. Women of child-bearing potential agree to use highly effective contraception during the study and for ≥120 days after the last dose of tislelizumab or chemotherapy (whichever is later) and have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test ≤7 days before enrolment. Non-sterilised men likewise agree to use highly effective contraception for the same period (Appendix 5).

Exclusion Criteria

Patients meeting any of the following are ineligible:

1. Previous therapy directed against PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, CTLA-4 or any other antibody or drug targeting T-cell co-stimulation or checkpoint pathways.
2. Systemic anticancer therapy or systemic immunomodulator (e.g. interferon, interleukin-2, TNF) within 28 days before enrolment.
3. Prior radiotherapy to the bladder.
4. Prior antitumour drug therapy, except:

   1. ≥12 months since the last dose of systemic chemotherapy before study neoadjuvant therapy;
   2. Intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy completed ≥1 week before study treatment.
5. Major surgery or significant trauma within 28 days before enrolment (vascular-access placement and TURBT are not major surgery).
6. Live vaccine within 28 days before enrolment (inactivated seasonal influenza vaccine is permitted; intranasal influenza vaccine is live and prohibited).
7. Active autoimmune disease requiring systemic therapy that, in the investigator's opinion, would interfere with study treatment.
8. Long-term high-dose corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants that, in the investigator's opinion, would interfere with study treatment.
9. Clinically significant abnormalities that could affect treatment, including electrolyte disturbance (K, Na, Ca), hypoalbuminaemia, interstitial lung disease, non-infectious pneumonitis, or other uncontrolled systemic diseases (e.g. diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease such as severe/unstable angina, myocardial infarction, symptomatic congestive heart failure, or clinically significant ventricular arrhythmia within 6 months).
10. Untreated chronic HBV infection with HBV-DNA ≥500 IU/mL (2,500 copies/mL) or HBsAg carrier status. Patients with inactive HBsAg carriage or stable active HBV on antiviral therapy with HBV-DNA \< 500 IU/mL may enrol. HBV-DNA testing is required only for anti-HBc-positive patients.
11. Active HCV infection. Patients who are anti-HCV-negative, or anti-HCV-positive but HCV-RNA-negative, may enrol. Anti-HCV-positive patients must have HCV-RNA testing.
12. History of immunodeficiency (including HIV positivity or other acquired/congenital immunodeficiencies), or prior allogeneic stem-cell or solid-organ transplantation (Appendix 3).
13. Known hypersensitivity to other monoclonal antibodies.
14. Known hypersensitivity to any study drug or excipient.
15. Unresolved toxicities from prior therapy that have not returned to baseline or stabilised, unless considered by the investigator not to pose a safety risk (e.g. alopecia, neuropathy, certain laboratory abnormalities).
16. Any condition (medical or substance abuse) that could impede study-drug administration, confound interpretation of results, or place the patient at high risk of complications.