Reducing the Resection Range After Neoadjuvant Therapy for Locally Advanced Upper Rectal and Rectosigmoid Junction Cancers

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age 18-80 years.
2. Histopathologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the rectum or rectosigmoid junction.
3. Clinical stage cT3-4N+M0, with or without positive mesorectal fascia (MRF), with or without extramural vascular invasion (EMVI); Tumor location confirmed by imaging to be above the peritoneal reflection and by endoscopy to be in the upper rectum or rectosigmoid junction.
4. For patients with pMMR (proficient Mismatch Repair; immunohistochemistry shows expression of all four proteins: MSH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) or MSS (Microsatellite Stable) status: Tumor downstaged to T≤3N0M0 after neoadjuvant chemotherapy or total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT). Chemotherapy regimens include, but are not limited to, FOLFOX6, CAPOX, or FOLFOXIRI.
5. For patients with dMMR (deficient Mismatch Repair; immunohistochemistry shows loss of expression in two or more of MSH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) or MSI-H (Microsatellite Instability-High) status: Tumor downstaged to T≤3N0M0 after immunotherapy.
6. Pre-neoadjuvant therapy / Preoperative staging methods: All patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT for staging. Peri-rectal metastatic lymph nodes: defined as nodes with short-axis diameter ≥10 mm or exhibiting CT characteristics typical of metastasis. Preoperative chest, abdominal CT, and pelvic MRI ruling out distant metastasis.
7. No signs of bowel obstruction; OR bowel obstruction that has resolved following proximal diverting colostomy.
8. No prior colorectal surgery.
9. No prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
10. No prior treatment with biologic agents (e.g., monoclonal antibodies), immunotherapy (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-L2, or anti-CTLA-4 antibodies), or other investigational drugs.
11. Prior endocrine therapy: Allowed.
12. Signed informed consent form.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. History of malignant colorectal tumor(s).
2. Requiring emergent surgery (e.g., due to bowel obstruction or intestinal hemorrhage).
3. Primary tumor invading adjacent organs/tissues precluding R0 resection.
4. Multifocal primary tumors.
5. Concurrent diagnosis of other active malignancy.
6. Participation in other clinical trials within 4 weeks prior to enrollment or current participation.
7. ASA physical status classification ≥ IV and/or ECOG performance status ≥ 2 (see Appendix for details).
8. Severe hepatic, renal, cardiopulmonary, or coagulation dysfunction, or significant comorbidities contraindicating surgery.
9. History of severe psychiatric disorders.
10. Pregnancy or lactation.
11. Uncontrolled preoperative infection.
12. Other clinical or laboratory conditions deemed by the investigator to render the patient unsuitable for the trial.