HAIC Combined With Adebrelimab Plus Apatinib as the First-line Treatment for HCC in BCLC Stage C: An Open-label, Single-arm, Phase II Study

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients voluntarily enrolled in the study and signed an informed consent form;
2. ≥18 years of age (counted on the date of signing informed consent), both male and female;
3. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosed by EASL/AASLD diagnostic criteria, pathohistological or cytological confirmation;
4. Subjects must be able to provide fresh or archived tumour tissue (formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded \[FFPE\] tissue blocks or at least 5 unstained FFPE slides) and their pathology report. If the subject can provide less than 5 unstained slides or if tumour tissue is not available (e.g., exhausted because of previous diagnostic testing), enrolment may be allowed on a case-by-case basis after discussion;
5. Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer Staging (BCLC, see Annex 1) stage C and not suitable for surgery or progressed after surgery and/or local treatment;
6. Patients who have progressed after local therapy, where local therapy (including but not limited to surgery, radiotherapy, hepatic artery embolisation, TACE, hepatic artery perfusion, radiofrequency ablation, cryoablation, or percutaneous ethanol injection) has been completed at least 4 weeks prior to the baseline imaging scan and where toxic reactions (other than alopecia) due to local therapy must have recovered to the National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0 ( NCI-CTCAE v5.0) rating ≤ Grade 1;
7. not have received any prior systemic therapy for HCC
8. At least one measurable lesion (spiral CT scan length ≥ 10 mm or short diameter of enlarged lymph node ≥ 15 mm according to RECIST v1.1; lesions previously treated with localised therapy can be used as target lesions after definitive progression according to RECIST v1.1).
9. Child-Pugh Liver Function Class (see Annex 2): Grade A or B.
10. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) physical status score of 0 to 2 (see Annex 3 for ECOG scoring criteria);
11. Expected survival ≥ 12 weeks;
12. Major organ function is basically normal
13. If the patient has active hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and is willing to receive antiviral therapy (based on the local standard of care, e.g., entecavir) for the entire duration of the study, enrolment will be determined on an individual basis by the physician, with monitoring of viral copy number; Hepatitis C virus (HCV) ribonucleic acid (RNA)-positive patients must be receiving antiviral therapy according to standard local treatment guidelines and have liver function within CTCAE grade 1 elevation;
14. Females of childbearing potential: must agree to abstain (avoid heterosexual intercourse) or use a reliable, effective method of contraception for at least 120 days from the time of signing the Informed Consent Form until after the last dose of study drug. Must have a negative serum HCG test within 7 days prior to starting study treatment; and must not be breastfeeding. A female patient is considered fertile if she is menstruating, has not yet reached postmenopausal status (≥12 consecutive months without menstruation, with no reason other than menopause identified), and has not undergone a sterilisation procedure (e.g., hysterectomy, bilateral tubal ligation, or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy).
15. For male patients whose partner is a woman of childbearing potential, they must agree to abstain from sex or use a reliable, effective method of contraception for at least 120 days from the time of signing the informed consent form until the last dose of study drug. Male subjects must also agree not to donate sperm during the same time period. Male subjects whose partners are pregnant are required to use condoms and no other method of contraception.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Known hepatobiliary cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid HCC, mixed cell carcinoma and fibroblastic laminar cell carcinoma; and other active malignant tumours other than HCC within 5 years or concurrently. Cured limited tumours such as basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous carcinoma of the skin, superficial bladder carcinoma, carcinoma in situ of the prostate, carcinoma in situ of the cervix, and carcinoma in situ of the breast may be enrolled;
2. Patients who are preparing for or have previously undergone organ or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation;
3. Have received other experimental drug therapy within 28 days prior to initiation of study treatment;
4. Those with clinically symptomatic moderate or severe ascites i.e. requiring therapeutic puncture or drainage or Child-Pugh score \>2 (except for those with only a small amount of ascites on imaging but without clinical symptoms); uncontrolled or moderate or greater pleural effusion, pericardial effusion;
5. History of gastrointestinal bleeding or a definite propensity for gastrointestinal bleeding within 6 months prior to the start of study treatment;
6. Abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation or abdominal abscess within 6 months prior to start of study treatment;
7. Known hereditary or acquired bleeding (e.g., coagulation disorders) or thrombotic tendencies, such as in patients with haemophilia; current or recent (within 10 days prior to start of study treatment) use of full-dose oral or injectable anticoagulant or thrombolytic medications for therapeutic purposes (prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin, low molecule heparin is permitted);
8. Have had a thrombotic or embolic event, such as cerebrovascular accident (including transient ischaemic attack, cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral infarction), pulmonary embolism, etc., within 6 months prior to the start of study treatment;
9. Have a clinical cardiac condition or disease that is not well controlled, such as:(1) Class II or higher cardiac insufficiency according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA) criteria;(2) Unstable angina pectoris;(3) Myocardial infarction within 1 year prior to the start of study treatment;(4) clinically significant supraventricular or ventricular arrhythmia requiring treatment or intervention;
10. Hypertension that is not well controlled by antihypertensive medication, allowing the above parameters to be achieved through the use of antihypertensive therapy; previous hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy;
11. Major vascular disease (e.g., aortic aneurysm requiring surgical repair or recent peripheral arterial thrombosis) within 6 months prior to the start of study treatment; severe, unhealed or gaping wounds as well as active ulcers or untreated bone fractures; major surgical procedure (other than diagnostic) within 4 weeks prior to the start of study treatment or anticipation of the need for major surgical procedure during the study period;
12. inability to swallow tablets, malabsorption syndrome, or any condition that interferes with gastrointestinal absorption; history of intestinal obstruction and/or history of clinical signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal obstruction, including incomplete obstruction related to pre-existing conditions or requiring routine parenteral hydration, parenteral nutrition, or tube feedings, within 6 months prior to the initiation of study treatment: at the time of the initial diagnosis if there is an incomplete obstruction/obstruction syndrome/intestinal obstruction sign/symptom Patients may be eligible for enrolment in the study if they receive definitive (surgical) treatment to abate symptoms;
13. Evidence of intra-abdominal pneumoperitoneum that cannot be explained by puncture or recent surgical intervention;
14. previous or current central nervous system metastases; metastatic disease involving major airways or blood vessels (e.g. complete occlusion of the portal trunk or vena cava due to tumour invasion, which refers to the confluence of the splenic vein and the superior mesenteric vein, and the division of the hepatic portal vein into right and left branches) or centrally located, large mediastinal tumour masses (\<30 mm from the crural crest);
15. Persons with a history of hepatic encephalopathy; current concomitant interstitial pneumonia or interstitial lung disease, or a previous history of interstitial pneumonia or interstitial lung disease requiring hormonal therapy, or other conditions that may interfere with the judgement and management of immune-related pulmonary toxicity such as pulmonary fibrosis, mechanised pneumonitis (e.g., occlusive bronchiectasis), pneumoconiosis, drug-associated pneumonitis, idiopathic pneumonitis, or in the case of screening chest computed tomography (CT) scans Subjects with evidence of active pneumonia visible on the chart or severely impaired lung function, permitted to have had radiation pneumonitis in the radiation field; active tuberculosis;
16. Presence of active autoimmune disease or history of autoimmune disease with potential for relapse (including, but not limited to: autoimmune hepatitis, interstitial pneumonitis, uveitis, enteritis, pituitary gland inflammation, vasculitis, nephritis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism \[subjects who can be controlled by hormone replacement therapy only may be included\]); Subjects who suffer from a skin condition that does not require systemic treatment such as vitiligo, psoriasis, alopecia areata, controlled type I diabetes mellitus treated with insulin or asthma that has completely resolved in childhood and does not require any intervention in adulthood may be included; asthmatics requiring medical intervention with bronchodilators may not be included;
17. Use of immunosuppressive or systemic hormone therapy for immunosuppression within 14 days prior to initiation of study treatment (dose \>10 mg/day prednisone or other equipotent hormone);
18. Use of strong CYP3A4/ CYP2C19 inducers including rifampicin (and its analogues) and guanfacine or strong CYP3A4/ CYP2C19 inhibitors within 14 days prior to initiation of study treatment;
19. Known history of severe allergy to any monoclonal antibody, anti-angiogenesis targeted drug;
20. Severe infection within 4 weeks prior to initiation of study treatment, including, but not limited to, hospitalisation for complications of infection, bacteraemia or severe pneumonia; therapeutic antibiotics given orally or intravenously within 2 weeks prior to initiation of study treatment (patients receiving prophylactic antibiotics (e.g., for prevention of urinary tract infection or exacerbation of COPD are eligible for study participation);
21. Patients with congenital or acquired immune deficiency (e.g., HIV-infected);
22. Co-infection with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C;
23. Prior treatment with other anti-PD-1 antibodies or other immunotherapies targeting PD-1/PD-L1, or prior treatment with apatinib;
24. has received a live attenuated vaccine within 28 days prior to initiation of study treatment or anticipates the need for such vaccine during adebenosumab treatment or within 60 days of the last dose of adebenosumab
25. in the judgement of the investigator, the patient has other factors that may affect the results of the study or cause this study to be forcibly terminated midway through, such as alcoholism, drug abuse, other serious illnesses (including psychiatric illnesses) that require comorbid treatment, serious laboratory test abnormalities, concomitant family or social factors, which would affect the patient's safety.