Niraparib and Temozolomide in Patients Glioblastoma

Inclusion Criteria:

1. At least 18 years of age.
2. Ability to understand and willingness to sign an ethics committee approved written informed consent document (or that of legally authorized representative, if applicable).
3. Patients with diagnosis of recurrent\\progressive IDH wild-type GBM (WHO 2021, grade 4). All the GBM histological variants are allowed.
4. Patients with diagnosis of recurrent/progressive IDH mutant gliomas (WHO 2021, grade 2-4). Both astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma may be included.
5. Both MGMT methylated and unmethylated patients are allowed.
6. Unequivocal evidence of tumor progression with at least one target lesion based on MRI scan according to Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology criteria (RANO) or low-grade gliomas (LGGs) Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria for non-enhancing tumors
7. Patients with IDH wild-type GBM (WHO grade 4) must have received at least the standard front-line therapy defined as below:

   \- Surgery (biopsy alone is allowed), concomitant radio-chemotherapy (hypo-fractionated regimens are allowed) and maintenance temozolomide chemotherapy (up to 6 cycles completed).
8. Patients with IDH mutant gliomas (WHO 2021 grade 2-4, both astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma may be included) must have received at least:

   \- Surgery (biopsy alone allowed), radiotherapy (hypo-fractionated regimens allowed) and/or one chemotherapy line \[temozolomide, Procarbazine (PC) scheme\].
9. Enrollment of patients after salvage surgery for recurrent disease is allowed if point number 6 is matched.
10. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤ 1 or Karnofsky performance status of ≥ 70.
11. Life expectancy \> 12 weeks.
12. Ability to swallow intact solid oral dosage form (without chewing, crushing, or opening).
13. Normal bone marrow and organ function as defined below:

    Neutrophils ≥ 1500/mm3 Platelets ≥ 150x103/mm3 Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dL Serum creatinine ≤ 1.5 x the upper limit of normal (ULN) or creatinine clearance (CrCl)≥ 40 mL/min (using the Cockcroft-Gault formula) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤ 2 x ULN Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 2 x ULN Bilirubin≤ 1.5 x ULN (except subjects with Gilbert Syndrome, who can have total bilirubin \< 3.0 mg/dL)
14. international normalized ratio (INR) ≤ 1.5 x ULN
15. partial thromboplastin time (PTT) ≤ 1.5 x ULN
16. A female participant is eligible to participate if she is not pregnant or breastfeeding, and at least one of the following conditions applies:

    Is not a woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP). or Is a WOCBP and using a contraceptive method that is highly effective (with a failure rate of \<1% per year), from the Screening Visit through at least 180 days after the last dose of study treatment and agrees not to donate eggs (ova, oocytes) for the purpose of reproduction during this period. The Investigator should evaluate the effectiveness of the contraceptive method in relationship to the first dose of study treatment (see also Appendix A).

    A WOCBP must have a negative highly sensitive pregnancy test (urine or serum, as required by local regulations) within 72 hours prior to the first dose of study treatment. (The Investigator is responsible for review of medical history, menstrual history, and recent sexual activity to decrease the risk for inclusion of a woman with an early undetected pregnancy).
17. A male participant of reproductive potential is eligible to participate if he agrees to the following starting with the first dose of study treatment through at least 90 days (a spermatogenesis cycle) after the last dose of study treatment:

refrain from donating sperm plus, either: be abstinent from heterosexual intercourse as their preferred and usual lifestyle (abstinent on a long-term and persistent basis) and agree to remain abstinent or must agree to use a male condom and should also be advised of the benefit for a female partner to use a highly effective method of contraception, as a condom may break or leak, when having sexual intercourse with a WOCBP who is not currently pregnant

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any serious or uncontrolled medical disorder that, in the opinion of the investigator, may increase the risk associated with study participation or study drug administration, impair the ability of the subject to receive the planned therapy (including brain surgery), or interfere with the interpretation of study results.
2. Anticancer treatment within the last 14 days before the start of trial treatment, for example chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy. A shorter interval can be approved by the principal investigator, if deemed appropriate.
3. Previous G4 hematological toxicity (anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia) during concomitant and/or adjuvant TMZ treatment.
4. Previous treatment with a PARP inhibitor.
5. Presence of diffuse and unequivocal leptomeningeal or extra-cranial disease.
6. Steroid therapy with dexamethasone \> 4 mg daily.
7. Chronic (at least 4 weeks) use of drugs with known risk of QT prolongation.
8. Use of anticoagulant agents at therapeutic dose (e.g. Low-molecular-weight heparin ( LWMH), new anti-coagulation oral drug (NAO) , Warfarin). Prophylactic dose is allowed. Antiplatelet agents are allowed.
9. Known primary immunodeficiency or active HIV.
10. Known active or chronic viral hepatitis indicated by positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid (HCV RNA).
11. Clinically significant cardiovascular disease within 6 months prior to enrollment (or randomization), including:

    Prior events including myocardial infarction, pericardial effusion, and myocarditis.

    Prior cardiac arrhythmia including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter or requiring concurrent use of drugs or biologics with pro-arrhythmic potential.

    New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II or greater heart failure. If cardiac function assessment is clinically indicated or performed, an Ejection fraction (LVEF) less than normal per institutional guidelines, or \< 55%, if threshold for normal is not otherwise specified by institutional guidelines.

    corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation \> 470 millisecond or other significant ECG abnormality noted within 14 days of treatment.

    Uncontrolled hypertension, hypertensive crisis, history of hypertensive encephalopathy or history of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES).

    Clinically significant peripheral vascular disease or vascular disease, including rapidly growing aortic aneurysm or abdominal aortic aneurysm \> 5 cm or aortic dissection.

    Unstable angina.
12. Patients with a history of cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack within 6 months prior to study enrollment are not eligible.
13. Evidence of hemorrhage on the baseline MRI or CT scan other than those that are ≤ grade 1 and either post-operative or stable on at least two consecutive scans.
14. Active diverticular disease of active and/or uncontrolled inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
15. Gastrointestinal disorders that would impact on drug absorption.
16. Prior history of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and/or myeloid acute leukemia (AML).
17. Other invasive malignancy within 2 years prior to entry into the study, except for those treated with surgical therapy only.
18. History of allergy to study drug components or of severe hypersensitivity reactions to any monoclonal antibodies.
19. Mental impairment that may compromise the ability to give informed consent and comply with the requirements of the study.
20. Participant is at an increased bleeding risk due to concurrent conditions (e.g., major injuries or major surgery within the past 28 days prior to start of study treatment).
21. Participant has received a live vaccine within 28 days of planned start of study therapy. Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID19) vaccines that do not contain live viruses are allowed.
22. Participants have received a transfusion (platelets or red blood cells), colony-stimulating factors (e.g., granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor or recombinant erythropoietin) within 4 weeks prior to the first dose of study treatment.
23. Participants must not have had radiotherapy encompassing \> 20% of the bone marrow within 2 weeks; or any radiation therapy within 1 week prior to Day 1 of protocol therapy.
24. Women who are breast-feeding or pregnant as evidenced by positive serum pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of HCG).
25. Women of childbearing potential not using a medically acceptable means of contraception for the duration of the study and unsterilized males not willing to abide by requirements for contraception.