Predictors of Residual Tumor at Second Transurethral Resection for pT1 Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Inclusion Criteria:

1. patients undergoing second TURBt (re-TURBt) for pT1LG/HG NMIBC after a macroscopically completed first TURBt (in patients with multiple lesions only the index lesion pT1 conditioning the indication of re-TURBt will be considered). Therefore, presence of residual tumor or not at time of re-TURBt will be assessed at site of previous pT1.
2. patients able to provide written informed consent;
3. clinical-localized non-metastatic disease (cN0, cM0).

Exclusion Criteria:

1. patients with clinical non-localized BCa (cN+, cM+);
2. patients with incomplete resection at time of first TURBt according to surgeon: macroscopic evidence of residual tumor, too long resection requiring a second-look will be excluded from the current study;
3. patients with incomplete clinical or demographic or pathological data;
4. patients who were unable to provide written informed consent;
5. patients who underwent urgency or emergency procedures in life-threating scenario