Targeting Osteosarcopaenia and Multimorbidity for Frailty Prevention

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age ≥ 50y
2. Asian ethnicity
3. First diagnosis (stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), knee osteoarthritis, breast cancer)
4. Living in community
5. Able to understand 1 step simple commands
6. For inpatients: (i) within 12 weeks of disease (stroke/TBI) onset, and (ii) within 2 weeks of rehabilitation ward admission
7. For outpatients: (i) \>6 months from initial diagnosis of first stroke, TBI, knee osteoarthritis or breast cancer, and (ii) at least standby assistance, modified independent or independent in ambulation with /without walking.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Nursing home or dormitory resident
2. Non-resident status in Singapore (e.g. foreign worker, tourist, temporary visit pass)
3. Impairments affecting understanding of questionnaires and tasks: e.g. severe deafness, severe visual impairment and severe /global aphasia,
4. Presence of active fractures, dislocations, non-weight bearing status, burns, unhealed wounds, active skin infections/eczema and agitated behaviour or delirium
5. Anticipated life expectancy \< 1 year
6. Presence of tracheostomy, ventilator, renal dialysis, end-organ failure
7. Patients with disorders of consciousness.
8. Pregnant or lactating participants

   For Knee Osteoarthritis patients only:
9. Alternative diagnosis to knee OA e.g. Referred pain from hip or spine.
10. Other forms of knee arthritis eg. Inflammatory, post traumatic
11. Previous knee arthroplasty