Prevalence of Hidden Hypercortisolism in Osteoporosis

The goals of this observational study are the following: i) to assess the prevalence of hidden hypercortisolism (HidHyCo) in a sample of osteoporotic patients; ii) to compare the clinical characteristics between osteoporotic/osteopenic patients with HidHyCo and those without HidHyCo in order to determine the clinical characteristics more frequently associated with the HidHyCo presence in the osteoporotic population and to identify those osteoporotic patients worthy of HidHyCo screening. In all patients who have been included in the study and who have given the informed consent to participate in the study we will perform 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (F-1mgDST). In all subjects with F-1mgDST \>1.8 mcg/dL, cortisol levels after two-day low dose (2 mg/day) dexamethasone suppression test (F-2mgx2dDST) will be measured. Patients with F-2mgx2dDST above \>1.8 mcg/dL will be considered affected with HidHyCo and will be managed following the available guidelines for hypercortisolism. The HidHyCo could be present in a not negligible percentage of osteopenic/osteoporotic patients. In these patients, osteoporosis and, if present, other comorbidities (i.e. hypertension and/or diabetes) can improve by the surgical resection of the adrenal or pituitary adenoma if feasible, or by the use of drugs able to modulate cortisol secretion or glucocorticoid sensitivity.

Sex

All

Minimum age

18 Years

Maximum age

75 Years

Inclusion Criteria:

* presence of osteoporosis (i.e. lumbar and/or femoral BMD T-score \< -2.5 and/or Z-score \< -2.0 and/or fragility fracture of hip, spine, wrist, humerus, malleolus or ribs);
* presence of osteopenia (i.e. lumbar and/or femoral BMD T-score between -1.0 and -2.5) in addition to hypertension treated with at least 2 drugs or not well controlled hypertension (sustained blood pressure above 150/100 mmHg) and/or diabetes and/or to a history of cardiovascular events (such as deep vein thrombosis, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke).

Exclusion Criteria:

* pregnancy/breastfeeding, sleep apnea, prepuberal onset of hypertension, hormonal hypersecreting adrenal mass, signs/symptoms of hypercortisolism;
* already known secondary osteoporosis with the exception of hypercalciuria;
* drugs influencing the bone metabolism with the exception of diuretics, anti-diabetics and anticoagulants;
* conditions associated with increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, severe autoimmune/rheumatologic and hematologic diseases, alcoholism, chronic kidney disease (glomerular filtration rate \<60 ml/min);
* drugs influencing the HPA axis activity or the dexamethasone metabolism.