SX-682 With Pembrolizumab for the Treatment of Metastatic or Recurrent Stage IIIC or IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Inclusion Criteria:

* Subjects aged 18 years and older
* Pathologically or cytologically confirmed non-small cell lung cancer with no known oncogenic EGFR mutation, ALK rearrangement, ROS1 rearrangement or RET rearrangement
* Tumoral PD-L1 expression \>=1% by any Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA)-certified assay
* Metastatic or recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Stage IIIC per 8th edition TNM stage classification is allowed if not amenable to curative surgery or radiation per investigator judgment
* At least one site of measurable disease as determined by the Investigator, using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) 0 or 1. Subjects must have ECOG PS 0 or 1 at the time of informed consent and at the time of treatment initiation
* Must be willing to provide pre-treatment archived specimen or undergo a biopsy procedure if archived specimen is not available
* Must be willing to provide an on-treatment biopsy, if deemed safe by the treating physician
* Platelet count \>= 100,000/uL
* Absolute neutrophil count \>= 1,500/uL
* Hemoglobin \>= 8g/dL
* Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) =\< 2.5 times upper limit of normal
* Creatinine =\< 2.0 mg/dL
* Women of child-bearing potential and sexually active men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method) prior to treatment initiation, during treatment and for three months after completing treatment
* Negative beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) pregnancy test at screening for patients of childbearing potential. Pregnant or breast feeding women are not eligible
* Signed and dated informed consent document indicating that the patient has been informed of all the pertinent aspects of the trial prior to enrollment

Exclusion Criteria:

* Participants must not have received prior chemotherapy or immune checkpoint inhibitor or immune-modulatory therapy (e.g. anti-PD\[L\]1, anti-CTLA4, anti-TIM3, anti-GITR, anti-TIGIT, anti-LAG3), for metastatic or recurrent NSCLC, with the following exceptions:

  * Participants may have received prior chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitor, and/or immune modulatory therapy in the curative setting if the last dose of treatment was more than (\>) 24 weeks prior to consenting
  * For patients with NSCLC harboring an oncogenic alteration other than listed may have received prior small molecule inhibitor therapy (e.g. MET inhibitor for MET exon 14 mutated NSCLC). A wash-out period of at least 5 half-lives is required prior to start of study treatment
* Presence of other active cancers within the last 2 years. Patients with any prior early stage cancer who have received definitive local treatment at least 2 years previously and no evidence of recurrence are eligible. All patients with previously treated in situ carcinoma are eligible, as patients with history of non-melanoma skin cancer
* Symptomatic central nervous system (CNS) metastases; participants with known brain metastasis must be asymptomatic with no steroids or escalating doses of antiepileptics within 7 days prior to start of study treatment

  * Patients with untreated CNS metastases may be enrolled as long as they meet the above criteria. Patients with bulky CNS metastases should consider receiving radiation prior to study entry per investigator judgment
* Participants with spinal cord compression must have received local treatment and must have been symptomatically stable with no use of steroids for at least 7 days prior to start of study treatment
* Participants must not have an active autoimmune disease that has required immune modulating treatment within (\<) 365 days prior to consenting (i.e., disease modifying agents, corticosteroids). Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency) is allowed
* Inability to discontinue systemic corticosteroid therapy; systemic steroids must be tapered off 7 days prior to first dose of SX-682
* Known history of primary immunodeficiency
* History of organ transplant that requires use of immunosuppressives
* Current symptomatic pneumonitis and any past history of immune checkpoint inhibitor related pneumonitis regardless of steroid treatment history
* History of non-infectious pneumonitis (e.g. radiation pneumonitis) that required steroids within 3 months of start of study treatment
* Radiotherapy within 7 days of start of study treatment
* Major surgery within 21 days of start of study treatment. Minor surgery within 2 weeks of start of study treatment. Placement of vascular access device and biopsies are not considered major or minor surgery and are allowed
* Electrocardiogram (EKG) demonstrating a corrected QT (QTc) interval \> 480 msec on three consecutive EKGs or patients with congenital long QT syndrome
* Severe lung disease (e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease \[COPD\]) who cannot stop steroids 7 days prior to start of study treatment
* Serious cerebrovascular and cardiac disease defined as:

  * Active unstable angina pectoris
  * Congestive heart failure NYHA (New York Heart Association) \> grade 3
  * Acute myocardial infarction within 3 months of consenting
  * Stroke or transient ischemic attack within 3 months of consenting
* Known active chronic infections: Active hepatitis B, hepatitis C and tuberculosis. Testing is not required for assessment of eligibility. Active infection requiring IV antibiotics within 7 days of study treatment initiation

  * Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection: Patients with known history of HCV infection are eligible if HCV viral load is below the limit of quantification per local assay
  * Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: Patients with known history of HBV infection are eligible if HBV viral load is below the limit of quantification and negative hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) per local assay
* Known uncontrolled HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection

  * Participants with known HIV infection are allowed if they are receiving anti-retroviral therapy, have CD4+ T-cell count \>= 350 cells/uL within 6 months prior to study treatment initiation and no history of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining opportunistic infection
* Any serious or uncontrolled concomitant disorder that, in the opinion of the investigator, would compromise the patient's ability to complete the study
* Patient with any significant history of non-compliance to medical regimens or with inability to grant reliable informed consent