Evaluation of Immunologic Response Following COVID-19 Vaccination in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Cancer

Inclusion Criteria:

* \>= 6 months and =\< 37 years of age at time of enrollment
* Patient plans to receive their first COVID-19 vaccine dose one of the food and drug administration (FDA) approved/FDA-emergency use authorization (EUA) approved COVID-19 vaccines OR patient already received their first COVID-19 vaccine dose =\< 24 months prior to enrollment using one of the FDA approved/FDA-EUA approved COVID-19 vaccines.

  * Note: for this observational study, the decision to vaccinate is according to local discretion and should be made prior to consideration of enrollment
* Must have a diagnosis of cancer
* Patient must be undergoing or have previously received one of the following cancer treatments within 12 months before their first COVID-19 vaccine dose:

  * Dosing with chemotherapy or immunotherapy agent, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors and small molecule inhibitors targeting cancer
  * Dosing with monoclonal antibodies targeting B-cell antigens (e.g., Rituximab), or Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors or Janus Kinase inhibitors
  * Stem cell infusion for bone marrow transplant or CAR-T infusion for cellular therapy
* A patient enrolling prior to their first COVID-19 vaccine dose is eligible only if it is feasible to collect required baseline study specimens within protocol mandated time period prior to the initial COVID-19 vaccine dose; or a patient who already received a COVID-19 vaccine is eligible only if feasible to collect at least one post-first-dose follow-up specimen (i.e., at minimum, collection of the 24m PFD follow-up specimen must be feasible as per timing requirements

  * Note: for this observational study, the vaccine timing and regimen will proceed according to local discretion. Patients enrolled prior to their first COVID-19 vaccine dose who do not receive initial vaccine dose within 3 months after enrollment will be taken off study
* All patients and/or their parents or legal guardians must sign a written informed consent
* All institutional, FDA, and National Cancer Institute (NCI) requirements for human studies must be met

Exclusion Criteria:

* Documented SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibody infusion or convalescent plasma after COVID-19 infection within last 90 days

  * Note: patients with previous COVID-19 infection are eligible as long as requirements are met. Patients receiving intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) therapy (i.e., post bone marrow transplantation \[BMT\] or chimeric antigen receptor \[CAR\]-T) are eligible
* Patients undergoing radiation therapy only are ineligible

  * Reminder: before the planned initial COVID-19 vaccine dose, patient must be undergoing or have received cancer treatments