Preoperative Lymph Node Staging With EBUS-TBNA in Clinical N0 Non Small-cell Lung Cancer

The introduction of modern staging systems has increased the detection of small peripheral lung cancers at an early stage \[1\]. Stage I non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) are confined to the lung without lymph node involvement, and surgical resection is currently considered the standard therapeutic approach. Nodal staging is initially performed non-invasively with computer tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans followed by minimally invasive staging with endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) when CT and/or PET are suggestive of mediastinal nodal involvement. Lobectomy with radical lymphadenectomy is currently considered the treatment of choice for early-stage lung cancer. Several studies demonstrated that primary invasive non- small-cell lung carcinomas \> 2.0 cm were twice as likely to have nodal metastases as carcinomas ≤ 2.0 cm, emphasizing that small lung cancers had less lymph node involvement and confirming a better survival. In our pilot study \[18\] published in 2011 in the European Journal of Thoracic Surgery, no nodal involvement was observed in any of the 62 patients with pulmonary nodule size less than 10 mm, in 20 out of 120 patients (17%) with nodule size 11-20 mm, and in 9 out of 37 tumors (24%) 21-30 mm in size (p = 0.0007). These patients could be spared radical lymph node dissection if deemed not essential, thereby reducing operative risks, postoperative morbidity, and surgery time. A preoperative diagnostic determination to establish the size and correct staging of the tumor is mandatory for appropriate selection of candidates, avoiding unnecessary surgery.

Sex

All

Minimum age

18 Years

Maximum age

75 Years

Inclusion Criteria:

* Suspected or proven non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) clinical stage I and II (diameter \> 1 cm and less than 5 cm, no pleura invasion) clinical N0M0 (8th TNM)
* All patients have to be staged by total body CT scan and PET-FDG
* Negative preoperative staging at hilar and mediastinal level at CT and CT/PET (PET negative and lymph node short axis \< 1 cm at CT scan)
* Age between 18 and 75 years old

Exclusion Criteria:

* NSCLC smaller or equal than 1 cm
* Unfit for bronchoscopy or surgical resection
* Evidence of locally advanced or metastatic disease
* Prior chemotherapy or radiotherapy for this malignancy
* Other malignancy within the past 5 years except for not melanoma skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer or carcinoma in situ of the cervix
* Previous surgical treatment for lung cancer
* Multiple lung tumors