The Potential Use of Inhaled Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of COVID-19 in Cancer Patients

Inclusion criteria:

1. Documented informed consent of the patient and/or legally authorized representative. Assent, when appropriate, will be obtained per institutional guidelines.
2. Male or female ≥18 years of age at time of enrolment.
3. History of/ or active histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of hematological or solid tumor (any type, any stage and any localization).
4. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Status \< or = 3 (Appendix I).
5. Patients must have an active cancer treatment or have completed therapy within 12 months of initiation of protocol specified therapy. This includes:

   * Patients with a new cancer diagnosis who have not yet initiated cancer therapy.
   * Patients on active or have recently completed cancer-directed therapy including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy or hormonal therapy amongst others which would not increase the risk of having an adverse outcome from participating in this study.
6. Currently hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) collected within one week prior to randomization.
7. Initial COVID-19 severity status on the WHO 11-point Ordinal Scale for Clinical Improvement = 4 ("Hospitalized; no oxygen therapy "), = 5 ("Hospitalized; oxygen by mask or nasal prongs "), or 6 ("Hospitalized; oxygen by NIV or high flow ") (Appendix II).
8. COVID-19-induced pneumonia evidenced by chest X-ray, computed tomography scan (CT scan) or magnetic resonance scan (MR scan).
9. Estimated life expectancy of at least 6 months at hospital admission for COVID-19.
10. Patients must be receiving standard of care for SARS-CoV-2.
11. Patients must have an assessment of adequate organ function within 28 days prior to enrolment, evidenced by:

    * Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g / dL.
    * Leukometry\> 2,000 / mm3 (\> 2 10E3/ ul).
    * Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1,500 / mm3 (≥1.5 10E3/ul).
    * Platelet count ≥ 100,000 / mm3 (≥100 10E3/ul).
    * Creatinine clearance ≥ 30 mL / min. Creatinine clearance (CrCl) should be calculated according to the Cockcroft-Gault formula.
    * Total bilirubin \<3 x the upper limit of normal (ULN), except for patients with known Gilbert's syndrome.
    * Aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) \<3.0 x LSN.
    * Alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) \<3.0 x ULN.

Exclusion criteria:

1. Pregnant (positive β-human chorionic gonadotropin test, β-HCG) or lactating female at screening.
2. Patients with a history of retinopathy, sickle cell disease or trait, psoriasis, porphyria, history of splenectomy, mental illness or uncontrolled seizures disorder, known active tuberculosis or history of incompletely treated tuberculosis, patients on chronic immunosuppression for other medical conditions such as rheumatological disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, or in patients with organ transplants.
3. Patients admitted in ICU.
4. Taking medications which may lead to interactions with hydroxychloroquine, including penicillamine, telbivudine, botulinum toxin, fluconazole, digoxin, propafenone , cimetidine, statins, warfarin, and cyclosporine within 2 weeks of dosing start, and during the duration of the study.
5. History of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
6. Pre-treatment corrected QT interval (QTc) ≥450 milliseconds.
7. Acute or chronic kidney disease (stage-4 or -5 renal impairment; eGFR\<30 mL/min/1.73 m2 or hemodialysis).
8. Liver Child-Pugh grade C.
9. Patients with Hypokalemia (\<3.6 mg/dl), Hypocalcemia (\<8.8 mg/dl), Hypomagnesemia (\<1.7 mg/dl). Will be included after correction.
10. Need for mechanical ventilation.
11. History of hypersensitivity to hydroxychloroquine.
12. History of Chronic Hepatitis B or hepatitis C infections.
13. History of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection.
14. Concurrent serious illness including, but not limited to, any of the following:

    * Clinically significant cardiovascular disease (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, myocardial infarction, or unstable angina).
    * New York Heart Association class II-IV congestive heart failure.
    * Serious cardiac arrhythmia requiring medication.
    * Peripheral vascular disease ≥ grade 2 within the past year.
    * Psychiatric illness/social situation that would limit compliance with study requirements.
    * COPD, Lung cancer, and moderate to severe asthma.
15. Any other significant finding based on the judgment of the PI would increase the risk of having an adverse outcome from participating in this study.
16. Any other concomitant treatment based on the judgment of the PI would increase the risk of having an adverse outcome from participating in this study.
17. Is currently participating in or has participated in an interventional clinical trial with an investigational compound or device within 80 days of signing the informed consent/assent for this current trial.