Study of 225Ac-PSMA-617 in Men With PSMA-positive Prostate Cancer

Inclusion Criteria:

* Patients must have the ability to understand and sign an approved ICF.
* Patients must have the ability to understand and comply with all protocol requirements.
* Patients must be \>=18 years of age.
* Patients must have an ECOG performance status of 0 to 2.
* Patients must have had histological, pathological, and/or cytological confirmation of prostate cancer.
* Patients must have a positive 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scan performed within 28 days of study entry. If a patient also has soft tissue or visceral disease, it must be PSMA-positive on 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scan.
* Patients may not participate in the study if their baseline scan shows PSMA-negative disease (defined as disease that expresses PSMA at a level equal to or less than liver by visual assessment) in any of the following regions:

A) One or more PSMA negative lymph nodes \>2.5 cm on short axis B) Bone metastasis with PSMA-negative soft tissues component \> 1 cm in short axis

* Note that PSMA-negative osseous metastases without a soft tissue component \>1 cm does not exclude the subject C) PSMA-negative solid organ metastases (i.e. lung, liver, adrenal glands, etc) that are PSMA-negative and ≥ 1cm in short axis
* Patients must have recovered or stabilized to =\< Grade 2 or baseline from all clinically significant toxicities related to prior prostate cancer therapy.
* Determination of disease progression on treatment prior to enrollment. Progressive disease for study entry is defined as any one or more of the following:

  1. PSA progression: minimum of two rising PSA values from a baseline measurement with an interval of \>= 1 week between each measurement. 2.0 ng/mL is the minimal starting value if PSA rise is only indication of progression.
  2. Soft tissue or visceral disease progression as per RECIST 1.1 criteria: increase \>= 20% in the sum of the diameter (SOD) (short axis for nodal lesions and long axis for non-nodal lesions) of all target lesions based on the smallest SOD since treatment started or the appearance of one or more new lesions.
  3. Bone progression: \>= 2 new lesions on bone scan.
* Patients must have adequate organ function (bone morrow reserve, hepatic function and renal function).
* Known HIV-positive patients who are healthy and have a low risk of AIDS-related outcomes are eligible. HIV testing is required.
* For patients who have partners of childbearing potential, patient must use a method of birth control with adequate barrier protection, deemed acceptable by the principal investigator during the study and for 6 months after last study drug administration.
* Group A Subjects: Patients must have prior orchiectomy and/or ongoing androgen-deprivation therapy, a castrate level of serum testosterone (\< 50 ng/dL or \< 1.7 nmol/L) and must have received prior cytotoxic chemotherapy and a novel androgen axis drug (e.g., abiraterone or enzalutamide). Patients must also be naïve to prior 177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy (177Lu-PSMA-617 or 177Lu-PSMA I\&T)
* Group B Subjects (South-Africa only): Patients must have ongoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and either prior orchiectomy or be medically castrate using LHRH agonists/antagonists in order to achieve adequate suppression of serum testosterone (\< 50 ng/dL) but must not have received prior cytotoxic chemotherapy or novel androgen axis drugs (e.g., abiraterone or enzalutamide). These patients are naïve to 177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy (177Lu-PSMA-617 or 177Lu-PSMA I\&T).
* Group C Subjects: Patients must have ongoing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and either prior orchiectomy or be medically castrate using LHRH agonists/antagonists in order to achieve adequate suppression of serum testosterone (\< 50 ng/dL). Patients must have been treated with prior 177Lu-PSMA radioligand therapy (177Lu-PSMA-617 or 177Lu-PSMA I\&T) for at least one cycle administered greater than 6 weeks from study enrollment, and been evaluated for biochemical and radiological response to therapy. Prior exposure to ARPI and/or chemotherapy is not required.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Previous treatment with Strontium-89, Samarium-153, Rhenium-186, Rhenium-188, Radium-223 or hemi-body irradiation.
* Any investigational agents within 28 days of study enrollment.
* Known hypersensitivity to the components of the study therapy or its analogues.
* Other concurrent cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, biologic agents, immunotherapy, radioligand therapy, or investigational therapy.
* Transfusion for the sole purpose of eligibility into the study.
* Patients with a history of CNS metastases must have received therapy (surgery, radiotherapy, gamma knife) and be neurologically stable, asymptomatic, and not receiving corticosteroids for the purposes of maintaining neurologic integrity. Patients with epidural disease, canal disease and prior cord involvement are eligible if those areas have been treated, are stable, and not neurologically impaired.
* Symptomatic cord compression, or clinical or radiologic findings indicative of impending cord compression.
* Concurrent serious (as determined by the Principal Investigator) medical conditions, including, but not limited to, uncontrolled infection, active hepatitis B or C, or other significant co-morbid conditions that in the opinion of the investigator would impair study participation or cooperation.
* Diagnosed with other malignancies that are expected to alter life expectancy or may interfere with disease assessment. Patients with a prior history of malignancy who have been disease free for more than 3 years are eligible.
* Participants with an active documented COVID-19 infection (any grade of disease severity) at the time of informed consent may be included only when completely recovered (in accordance with local guidance).