A Prospective Cohort Study of Chinese Patients With Pulmonary Nodules: Prediction of Lung Cancer Using Noninvasive Biomarkers

Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 Years and older, both male and female
* Willing and able to provide a written informed consent
* Radiologic diagnosis of solid indeterminate pulmonary nodule (5-30 mm) OR semi-solid (mixed density) nodule with solid component of at least 5mm OR non-solid nodule (including pGGO); must be of appropriate size at enrollment, but nodule(s) may have been first identified within 12 months prior. Furthermore, nodule(s) \< 5 mm in size may have been first identified greater than 12 months prior to enrollment though it must grow into the appropriate size range (5-30 mm) within 12 months prior to enrollment. If multiple nodules were diagnosed, choose the most representative one with the longest diameter as the target lesion; if two or more nodules are of the same largest size, choose the one with the perpendicular longest diameter
* CT scan completed within 3 months prior to enrollment
* Agree to tolerate all biospecimen collection as required by protocol
* Agree to comply with standard of care follow up visits including clinical exams, diagnostic work-ups, and imaging for 2\~3 years from enrollment
* Agree to fill out Patient Lung History Questionnaire

Exclusion Criteria:

* History or previous diagnosis of primary lung cancer, metastatic lung cancer, or any other non-lung cancer within 5 years (exceptions are adequately treated squamous and basal cell carcinomas of the skin, carcinoma in situ of the cervix or breast)
* Any receipt of cytotoxic agents within the past 6 months
* Any symptoms of lung cancer (unexplained weight loss, recent hemoptysis)
* Pregnant or lactating women
* Underwent invasive biopsy procedures (e.g. bronchoscopies or CT-guided transthoracic biopsies) before enrollment
* Receipt of transfusion within 30 days prior to enrollment
* Fail to understand or provide a written informed consent