3D Reconstruction in Video-assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS) Segmentectomy

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age older than 18 years;
2. Pulmonary nodules or ground glass opacification （GGO） found in chest CT examination, and conform with indications for segmentectomy:

   Peripheral nodule 0.8-2 cm with at least one of the following:

   i. Histology of adenocarcinoma in situ; ii. Nodule has ≥50% ground-glass appearance on CT; iii. Radiologic surveillance confirms a long doubling time (≥400 days). Segmentectomy should achieve parenchymal resection margins ≥2 cm or ≥ the size of the nodule.
3. Adequate cardiac function, respiratory function, liver function and renal function for anesthesia and VATS segmentectomy.
4. American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score: Grade I-III.
5. Patients who can coordinate the treatment and research and sign the informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients with a significant medical condition which is thought unlikely to tolerate the surgery. For example, cardiac disease, significant liver and renal function disorder.
2. Patients with psychiatric disease who are expected lack of compliance with the protocol.
3. Patients have history of chest trauma or surgery on ipsilateral chest which may cause pleural adhesion.