An Analysis of Clinical Efficacy Based on the Robotic, Laparoscopic, and Open Approach in Radical Resection of Rectal Cancer

Inclusion Criteria:

* endoscopic biopsy pathological diagnosis of rectal cancer is clear, preoperative CT, MRI examination did not see the tumor directly invaded the surrounding organs;
* blood test, cardiac ultrasound, lung ventilation function and other preoperative examination without absolute surgical contraindications;
* without distant metastasis such as liver, lung, bone, and abdominal cavity.

Exclusion Criteria:

* there is distant organ transfer or extensive abdominal metastasis;
* emergency surgery for acute intestinal obstruction, hemorrhage, perforation, intestinal rupture, etc.;
* combined with other primary malignant tumors;
* other colonectomy and combined with other organ resection;
* patients with severe basic diseases unable to tolerate surgery;
* pregnant and lactating women;
* patients who underwent neoadjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy before surgery;
* those who underwent palliative surgery.