131I-Metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-MIBG) Therapy for Relapsed/Refractory Neuroblastoma

Inclusion Criteria:

* Diagnosis:
* Relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma with original diagnosis based on tumor histopathology or elevated urine catecholamines with typical neuroblastoma cells in the bone marrow
* Metastatic pheochromocytoma
* Age \>1 year and able to cooperate with radiation safety restrictions during therapy period
* Karnofsky or Lansky performance status of ≥ 50%
* Life expectancy: patients must have a life expectancy of at least 8 weeks
* Disease status: Failure to respond to standard therapy (usually combination chemotherapy with or without radiation and surgery) or development of progressive disease at any phase of standard therapy (any new lesion or an increase in size \>25% of a pre-existing lesion). Patients may enter this study with or without re-induction therapy for recurrent tumor.
* Disease must be evaluable by MIBG scan. A positive MIBG scan must be present within 8 weeks prior to study entry and subsequent to any intervening therapy. If the patient has only one MIBG positive lesion and that lesion was radiated, a biopsy must be done at least 4 weeks after radiation was completed and must show viable neuroblastoma.
* Stem Cells: If a patient does not have a hematopoietic stem cell product available for re-infusion after MIBG treatment, they may not receive a 131IMIBG dose \>12 mCi/kg. Patients must have a hematopoietic stem cell product available for re-infusion after MIBG treatment at doses of \> 12 mCi/kg. The minimum quantity for peripheral blood stem cells is 1.5 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg (optimum \> 2 x 106 CD34+ cells/kg). The minimum dose for bone marrow is 1.0 x 108 mononuclear cells/kg (optimum \>2.0 x 108 mononuclear cells/kg).
* Stem cell source: The patients on this protocol will have autologous PBSCs available.
* Have acceptable organ function as defined below within 7 days of enrollment:
* Bone Marrow: ANC ≥750 X 109 /L, platelets ≥50,000 X 109 /L, and hemoglobin ≥ 8.0 g/dL without transfusion if stem cells are not available. ANC ≥500 X 109 /L, platelets ≥20,000 X 109 /L, and hemoglobin ≥ 8.0 g/dL with transfusions allowed if stem cells are available. Patients with stem cells available are excluded if they require two platelet transfusions per week to maintain the minimum required platelet count. A bone marrow examination is not medically indicated for patients diagnosed with metastatic pheochromocytoma.
* Renal: Creatinine ≤ 2 times upper limit of normal
* Hepatic: Bilirubin ≤2x upper limit of normal; AST/ALT ≤10x upper limit of normal
* Cardiac: Ejection fraction ≥ 45% on echocardiogram or shortening fraction

  \>/=27%
* Pulmonary: normal lung function as manifested by no dyspnea and/or oxygen saturation ≥ 94% on room air.
* Prior Therapy: Patients must have recovered from all acute toxicities (defined as CTCAE 5.0 ≤ grade 1) associated with any prior therapy, and:
* Myelosuppressive chemotherapy: At least 2 weeks should have elapsed since any chemotherapy causing myelosuppression
* Biologic (anti-neoplastic agent): At least 7 days should have elapsed since the completion of therapy with a biologic agent.
* Monoclonal antibodies: At least 3 half-lives should have elapsed since therapy with a monoclonal antibody
* Radiation therapy: Three-months should have elapsed in the case of completing radiation to any of the following fields: craniospinal, total abdominal, whole lung, total body irradiation). For all other sites of radiation, at least 2 weeks should have elapsed.
* Cytokine therapy (e.g. G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-2): must be discontinued a minimum of 24 hours prior to MIBG therapy.
* Voluntary written informed consent must be obtained before performance of any study-related procedure not part of normal medical care, with the understanding that consent may be withdrawn by the subject at any time without prejudice to future medical care.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Patients with disease of any major organ system that would compromise their ability to withstand therapy.
* Because of the teratogenic potential of the study medication, no patients who are pregnant or lactating will be allowed. Patients of childbearing potential must practice an effective method of birth control while participating on this study, to avoid possible damage to the fetus.
* Known allergy to any of the agents or their ingredients used in this study.
* Patients who are on hemodialysis
* Patients with untreated positive blood cultures or progressive infections as assessed by radiographic studies
* Patients who have had prior treatment with 131I-MIBG who do not meet the re-treatment criteria.
* In patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma, screening urinalysis required prior to study enrollment. If random collection urine specimen is positive for proteinuria, patients must have 24-hour urine protein determination. Patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma are excluded if 24-hour urine protein is above the institutional upper limit of normal.
* Patients with known MIBG-avid parenchymal brain metastases are excluded.