ONC201 in Adults With Recurrent H3 K27M-mutant Glioma

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Had histologically confirmed diagnosis of high-grade glioma (HGG) in any tumor sample and presence of histone H3 K27M mutation detected in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA) certified laboratory by immunohistochemistry or DNA sequencing test on any glioma tumor sample.
2. Had unequivocal evidence of progressive disease on contrast-enhanced brain computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as defined by Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO)-HGG criteria, or have documented recurrent glioma on diagnostic biopsy.
3. Had measurable disease by RANO-HGG criteria.
4. Patients must have had previous therapy with at least radiotherapy.
5. Had no more than two prior episodes of recurrence from radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Use of bevacizumab solely for treatment of radiation necrosis, pseudoprogression, or treatment effect was not considered a recurrence.
6. Had an interval of at least 90 days from the completion of radiotherapy to the first dose of dordaviprone (ONC201). If patients were within 90 days of radiotherapy, they may have still been eligible if they met one or more of the following criteria.

   1. Progressive tumor is outside the original high-dose radiotherapy target volume as determined by the treating investigator, or
   2. Histologic confirmation of tumor through biopsy or resection, or
   3. Nuclear medicine imaging, magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy, or MR perfusion imaging consistent with true progressive disease, rather than pseudoprogression or radiation necrosis obtained within 28 days of registration.
7. From the projected start of scheduled study treatment, the following time periods must have had elapsed: 5 half-lives from any investigational agent, 4 weeks from cytotoxic therapy (except 23 days for temozolomide and 6 weeks from nitrosoureas), 6 weeks from antibodies, or 4 weeks (or 5 half-lives, whichever is shorter) from other anti-tumor therapies.
8. All adverse events Grade \>1 related to prior therapies (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and/or surgery) must have been resolved to Grade 1 or baseline, except for alopecia and sensory neuropathy Grade ≤2, or other Grade ≤2 not constituting a safety risk based on investigator's judgment, are acceptable.
9. Were male or female aged ≥18 years.
10. Had a Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) ≥60.
11. Had adequate organ and marrow function as defined below, all screening labs should be performed within 14 days of treatment initiation:

    * leukocytes ≥ 3,000/mcL
    * absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1,500/mcL
    * platelets ≥ 75,000/mcL
    * hemoglobin \> 8.0 mg/dL
    * total bilirubin ≤ 2.0 × upper limit of normal (ULN)
    * aspartate aminotransferase (AST) \[SGOT\]/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) \[SGPT\] ≤ 2.5 × ULN
    * creatinine ≤ULN OR creatinine clearance ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for patients with creatinine levels above normal.
12. Had contrast-enhanced head CT or brain MRI and entire spine MRI within 14 days prior to start of study drug.
13. Corticosteroid dose must have been stable or decreasing for at least 3 days prior to the baseline CT or MRI scan.
14. Women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) and men must have agreed to use adequate contraception prior to study entry and for the duration of study participation and for 30 days after the last dose of therapy. Highly effective contraceptive measures include: stable use of oral contraceptives such as combined estrogen and progestogen and progestogen only hormonal contraception or other prescription pharmaceutical contraceptives for 2 or more menstrual cycles prior to screening; intrauterine device \[IUD\]; intrauterine hormone-releasing system (IUS); bilateral tubal ligation; vasectomy and sexual abstinence.

    1. WOCBP must have had a negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 28 days of initiation of dosing.
    2. Contraception was not required for men with documented vasectomy.
    3. Postmenopausal women must have been amenorrheic for at least 12 months in order not to be considered of childbearing potential.
    4. Pregnancy testing and contraception were not required for women with documented hysterectomy or tubal ligation.
15. Had availability of a paraffin-embedded or frozen tumor-tissue block with a minimum of 1 cm2 of tumor surface area, or 20 unstained slides from the tumor tissue specimen if a tumor block cannot be submitted. If a patient has had only a stereotactic biopsy, then 5 unstained slides may be accepted with prior approval from the Sponsor, however all efforts must be made to obtain as close to 20 slides as possible.
16. Had the ability to be able to swallow and retain orally administered medication
17. Had the ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document. Only patients who had capacity to consent were enrolled in the study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Arm B: Had a primary malignant lesion located in the pons or spinal cord.
2. Arm B: Had atypical non-astrocytic histologies such as ependymoma, ganglioma and pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, or pilocytic astrocytoma and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA).
3. Arm B: Had prior bevacizumab treatment of \>4 doses of \>7.5 mg/kg
4. Had a history of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to dordaviprone (ONC201) or its excipients.
5. Had current or planned participation in a study of an investigational agent or using an investigational device.
6. Had presence of diffuse leptomeningeal disease or evidence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination.
7. Had uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements.
8. Had an active infection requiring systemic therapy.
9. Were pregnant and/or breastfeeding women or unable to maintain use of contraception while on study and for 30 days after the last dose of study drug. Dordaviprone (ONC201) is a novel agent with unknown potential for teratogenic or abortifacient effects.
10. Had known HIV-positive test on combination antiretroviral therapy.
11. Had known history of cardiac arrhythmias including atrial fibrillation, tachyarrhythmias or bradycardia, unless arrhythmia is controlled and after Cardiology has cleared patient to receive dordaviprone (ONC201). Receiving therapeutic agents known to prolong QT interval will be excluded. History of congested heart failure (CHF), or myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke in the last 3 months will be excluded.
12. Had active illicit drug use or diagnosis of alcoholism.
13. Had tumors with known IDH1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1) or known IDH2 mutations as determined by immunohistochemistry for the IDH1 R132H variant or by direct sequencing. IDH1/2-mutant gliomas have a markedly longer overall survival rate compared to those with IDH1/2-wildtype glioma (Parsons et al., 2008; Yan et al., 2009), indicating IDH1/2-mutant gliomas have a distinct natural history.
14. Had tumors with known 1p/19q co-deletion.
15. Had known additional malignancy that is progressing or requires active treatment within 3 years of start of study drug. Exceptions include basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, in situ melanoma, or in situ cervical cancer that has undergone potentially curative therapy.
16. Had any surgery (not including minor diagnostic procedures such as lymph node biopsy) within 2 weeks of baseline disease assessments; or not fully recovered from any side effects of previous procedures. An interval of 1 week for stereotactic brain biopsy from the start of study treatment is acceptable.
17. Had concomitant use of potent cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4/5 inhibitors during the treatment phase of the study and within 72 hours prior to starting study drug administration.
18. Had concomitant use of potent CYP3A4/5 inducers, which include enzyme inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs), during the treatment phase of the study and within 2 weeks prior to starting treatment. Concurrent dexamethasone is allowed.