Mitochondrial Activity and Myosteatosis in the Cachexia of Cancers of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract

Loss of muscle mass (scientific term: cachexia) affects about 80% of patients with advanced cancer and impacts their prognosis by decreasing tolerance and response to treatment, decreasing quality of life and survival. The prognosis in these patients depends directly on the importance of the loss of muscle mass. Preserving it is therefore an essential therapeutic objective. It is therefore important to understand perfectly the mechanism of this muscular loss. The accumulation of fat in the muscle (scientific term: myosteatosis) could be a mechanism responsible for this loss of muscle mass. It is indeed a hypothesis proved on animal models. Moreover, it has recently been shown that more the cancer patient loses weight, more his muscle contains fat. This lets think that this deposit of fat in the muscle would be directly related to the loss of muscle mass. All of these observations could not be clearly established in humans and investigators are seeking by this study to illuminate these mechanisms at the human level. A better understanding of these mechanisms would allow investigator to set up targeted treatments against the accumulation of fat in the muscle, which would significantly improve the quality of life of patients with cancer of the aerodigestive pathways and their chances of recovery. The MYOMEC study includes the inclusion of healthy patients (to form a control group) but also patients with cancer of the upper aero-digestive tract. The study will be divided into two parts: clinical examination and nutritional evaluation the day before surgery at the time of the participants' admission to hospital and then the biological samples during surgery. The nutritional examination consists in collecting the morphological data of the patient, namely: Its weight, size, calculation of the body mass index Tests of muscular strength (wearing weight of 1, 2 and 3 kilos) Measurement of the percentage of fat mass and lean mass (Impedancemetry) In this study, participants benefit from the following investigations: * Clinical examination complete with elaboration of the clinical nutritional status, realized the day before the surgical intervention in hospitalization. * Elaboration of the radiological nutritional status by a complementary analysis of the scanner envisaged in the balance of extension of the disease * Performing surgical site sampling during surgery without additional invasive procedure and under general anesthesia. It will be realized: A muscle biopsy of the sterno-cleido-mastoid muscle (neck muscle) (maximum volume 5 mm3), A tumor biopsy (maximum volume 5mm3). A blood sample (maximum volume 5ml) No invasive procedure, supplemental examination or additional consultation is required for the whole off-set study for the extensive muscular percutaneous biopsy regarding which additional patient agreement will be required. No additional follow-up is required when participating in this study. Participation in this study does not entail any particular constraint or additional treatment. The duration of the patient's participation is defined as follows: from the date of the preoperative consultation or from the consultation of announcement until his / her discharge from hospital. The exclusion period defined in this study extends from the date of inclusion of the patient to the date of the surgical procedure, during which time the patient can not participate in another clinical research protocol.

Sex

All

Minimum age

18 Years

Maximum age

80 Years

Inclusion Criteria:

* For the Cancer Group (K + Group):
* Active cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract
* Eligible for surgery treatment decided by CPR
* Age ≥ 18 years or Age ≤ 80 years

For the control Group (K- Group):

* No active cancer or a history of cancer less than 5 years old - Head and neck surgery for any reason except cancer
* Absence of cachexia, defined by a weight loss\> 5% over the last 6 months
* Age ≥ 18 years or Age ≤ 80 years

Exclusion Criteria:

* For groups K + and K-:
* Presence of another obvious etiology of undernutrition
* A history of heart failure, respiratory failure (requiring long-term oxygen therapy) or chronic renal disease (MDRD clearance \<60 ml / min), moderate, severe or very severe COPD (HAS classification), insulin-dependent diabetes , Coronary artery disease
* Age \<18 years or Age \>80 years
* Protected persons and pregnant and / or nursing women

For the group K-:

\- Posterior diagnosis of cancer in the case of anatomo-pathological analysis (eg thyroidectomy, parotidectomy)