Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption Using Transcranial MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound

Inclusion Criteria:

* Men or women.
* Age between 18 and 70 years, inclusive.
* Able and willing to give informed consent.
* Size of the targeted portion of the tumour (i.e. prescribed ROT) is less than 2.5 cm in diameter (16 cm3). The non-targeted tumour tissue may exceed the targeted volume.
* Karnofsky rating 70-100
* ASA score 1-3.
* Able to communicate sensations during the ExAblate MRgFUS procedure.
* Able to attend all study visits (i.e., life expectancy of at least 3 months).
* At least 14 days passed since last brain surgery.

Exclusion Criteria:

* The sonication pathway to the tumour involves:

  i. More than 30% of the skull area traversed by the sonication pathway is covered by scars, scalp disorders (e.g., eczema), or atrophy of the scalp ii. Clips or other metallic implanted objects in the skull or the brain, except shunts
* The subject presents with symptoms and signs of increased intracranial pressure (e.g., headache, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and papilledema)
* Cardiac disease or unstable hemodynamics including:

  i. Documented myocardial infarction within six months of enrolment ii. Unstable angina on medication iii. Congestive heart failure iv. Left ventricular ejection fraction below the lower limit of normal v. History of a hemodynamically unstable cardiac arrythmia vi. Cardiac pacemaker
* Severe hypertension (diastolic BP \> 100 on medication)
* Anti-coagulant therapy, or medications known to increase risk of hemorrhage, (e.g.:ASA, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), statins)
* History of a bleeding disorder, coagulopathy or with a history of spontaneous tumour hemorrhage
* Abnormal level of platelets (\< 100000), PT (\>14) or PTT (\>36), and INR \> 1.3
* Documented cerebral infarction within the past 12 months
* TIA in the last 1 month
* Cerebral or systemic vasculopathy
* Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
* Immunosuppression (corticosteroids to prevent/treat brain edema are permitted)
* Known sensitivity to gadolinium-DTPA
* Contraindications to MRI such as non-MRI-compatible implanted devices
* Large subjects not fitting comfortably into the MRI scanner (generally \>250 lbs)
* Difficulty lying supine and still for up to 4 hours in the MRI unit or claustrophobia
* Untreated, uncontrolled sleep apnea
* Positive pregnancy test (for pre-menopausal women)
* Known life-threatening systemic disease
* Severely impaired renal function with estimated glomerular filtration rate \<30 mL/min/1.73m2 and/or on dialysis
* Right to left or bi-directional cardiac shunt
* Previous full course of doxorubicin chemotherapy
* Allergy to eggs or egg products