A Study Evaluating the Effect of Pembrolizumab (MK-3475) in Participants With Renal Cell Cancer (MK-3475-031)

Inclusion Criteria:

* Have a newly diagnosed RCC, with a primary tumor diameter of more than 4 cm (\>= T1b), not previously treated, and be a candidate for operative tumor resection
* Be willing and able to undergo pre-treatment baseline image-guided core biopsy of their primary RCC
* Have a performance status of 0 or 1 on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Scale
* Demonstrate adequate organ function
* Female is not breast feeding, is postmenopausal or surgically sterile; demonstrates non-pregnant state, and agrees to use two acceptable methods of birth control throughout the trial, until 120 days after the last dose of treatment
* Male with female partner of childbearing potential agrees to use adequate method of contraception throughout study, until 120 days after last dose of treatment or last blood draw.

Exclusion Criteria:

* Is currently participating in, or has participated in a study with an investigational agent or device within 4 weeks prior to first dose of study therapy
* Has a diagnosis of immunosuppression or has received systemic steroid therapy, or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 4 weeks prior to first dose of study therapy
* Has had prior chemotherapy, targeted small molecule, or radiation therapy for treatment of RCC
* Has a known additional (other than RCC) malignancy that is progressing or requires active treatment
* Has known active central nervous system (CNS) metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis
* Has an active, or documented history of autoimmune disease, with the exceptions of vitiligo or resolved childhood asthma/atopy
* Has a history of (non-infectious) pneumonitis that required treatment with steroids or current pneumonitis.
* Has an active infection requiring systematic therapy
* Is receiving anticoagulant therapy, with the exception of low dosage aspirin
* Has severe cardiovascular disease or symptomatic ischemic heart disease
* Has hepatic decompensation
* Has uncontrolled thyroid dysfunction
* Has uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
* Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders
* Female is pregnant or breastfeeding
* Is expecting to conceive children within the projected maximum duration of the trial, extending through 120 days after the last dose of treatment or the last blood draw
* Has received prior therapy with any antibody or drug (including ipilimumab) specifically targeting T-cell co-stimulation or checkpoint pathway
* Has a known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
* Has known active hepatitis B or C
* Has received a live vaccine within 30 days prior to screening