Phase I Study of Percutaneous Valrubicin for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Inclusion Criteria:

* Zubrod: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2
* Tissue confirmation of UTUC
* Available tumor grade information
* Treated UTUC (complete resection and or fulguration of tumor as is safely possible, based on the judgment of the investigators and based on visual inspection of the involved kidney and ureter) and at least one of the following:

  * Low grade urothelial carcinoma
  * Percutaneous upper tract Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) failure and: High grade urothelial carcinoma or Carcinoma in situ (CIS) with imperative indications for nephron preservation (solitary kidney, renal insufficiency, bilateral upper tract tumors, etc.) as determined by study Principal Investigators (PIs)
  * Contraindications to percutaneous BCG (e.g. previous adverse systemic or local reaction to BCG exposure as judged by PIs, or immunosuppression, or other contraindications to BCG therapy) and: High grade urothelial carcinoma or CIS with imperative indications for nephron preservation (solitary kidney, renal insufficiency, bilateral upper tract tumors, etc.) as determined by study PIs
* Normal prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), international normalized ratio (INR)
* Platelets 100 x 10\^9/l or greater
* Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) 1.5 x 10\^9/l or greater
* Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 3 x upper limits of normal (ULN) or less
* Able to receive valrubicin within 6 weeks of the initial surgery or within 6 weeks of a second look surgical procedure

Exclusion Criteria:

* Radiographic or pathologic evidence for locally advanced (muscle invasion, lymphovascular invasion, lymphadenopathy, renal parenchymal invasion) or distant metastatic disease
* Contraindications for percutaneous nephrostomy (i.e. bleeding diathesis and/or patients who must be maintained on therapeutic doses of warfarin or antiplatelet agents while valrubicin is being administered). Note: 81 mg aspirin acceptable.
* Evidence for renal/ureteral obstruction as determined by radiographic studies (antegrade nephrostogram, Intravenous pyelography (IVP), Computed tomography (CT) urogram, retrograde pyelogram, lasix renogram, or a combination thereof)
* Contraindication to percutaneous administration of valrubicin, a metabolite of valrubicin, or known hypersensitivity to anthra-cyclines or polyoxyl castor oil.
* Symptomatic urinary tract infection based on a combination of urinalysis and urine culture and patient symptoms (i.e. Fever). Investigators expect patients to have an abnormal urinalysis based on indwelling urinary devices and prior surgical treatment.
* Urolithiasis in the involved ipsilateral kidney (not including punctuate calcifications or suspected renal parenchymal or papillary tip calcifications seen on radiographic studies or visualized endoscopically)
* Patient on renal replacement therapy (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis)
* Extravasation of contrast as visualized on antegrade nephrostogram studies. (Note: At the initial nephrostogram possibly performed in the operating room or with initial percutaneous nephrostomy placement, extravasation can be visualized. However, a procedure prior to drug administration confirms there is not further extravasation present).
* Concurrent malignancy (except basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, or concurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer that has been completely resected)
* Congenital or acquired immunodeficiency
* Positive pregnancy test or plans for future pregnancy
* Expected poor compliance as judged by the investigators