Radium-223 Dichloride (BAY88-8223) in Castration-Resistant (Hormone-Refractory) Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases

Inclusion Criteria:

* Age ≥ 18 years
* Histologically or cytologically confirmed prostate cancer
* Patients diagnosed with symptomatic progressive bone predominant metastatic CRPC/HRPC with at least 2 skeletal metastases on imaging with no lung, liver, and/or brain metastasis (lymph node only metastasis is allowed)
* Symptomatic is defined as either

  * Regular (not occasional) use of analgesic medication for cancer related bone pain (≥ level 1; World Health Organization \[WHO\] ladder for cancer pain), or
  * Treatment with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for bone pain (the EBRT should be within the last 12 weeks before treatment)
* Progressive disease is defined either by:

  * The appearance of new bone lesions. If progression is based on new lesion(s) on imaging only without an increase in prostate specific antigen (PSA), then PSA values from 3 assessments within the last 6 months must be provided; OR
  * In the absence of new bone lesions, 2 subsequent increases in serum PSA over previous reference value, which should not be more than 6 months before screening, each measured at least 1 week apart with the last PSA ≥ 5 ng/mL. (The reference value time point 1, is defined as the last PSA measured before increases are documented, with subsequent values obtained a minimum of 1 week apart. If the PSA at time point 3 is greater than the PSA at time point 2, then eligibility has been met. If the PSA at time point 3 is not greater than the PSA at time point 2 but, the PSA value at time point 4 and/or time point 5 is greater than the PSA at time point 2, the patient is eligible assuming that other criteria are met).
* No intention to use cytotoxic chemotherapy within the next 6 months
* Life expectancy ≥ 6 months
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status (PS) 0-2
* Adequate hematological, liver, and renal function

  * Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1.5 x10\^9/L
  * Platelet count ≥ 100 x10\^9/L
  * Hemoglobin ≥ 10.0 g/dL (100 g/L; 6.2 mmol/L)
  * Total bilirubin level ≤ 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
  * Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ 2.5 x ULN
  * Creatinine ≤ 1.5 x ULN
  * Albumin \> 25 g/L \*Any bone imaging techniques as per institutional standard of care

Exclusion Criteria:

* Treatment with an investigational drug within previous 4 weeks, or planned during the treatment period or follow-up
* Eligible for first course of docetaxel, i.e., patients who are fit enough, willing, and who are located where treatment with docetaxel is available
* Treatment with cytotoxic chemotherapy within previous 4 weeks prior to screening, or failure to recover from adverse events (AEs) due to cytotoxic chemotherapy administered more than 4 weeks previous prior to screening (however, ongoing neuropathy is permitted)
* Prior hemibody external radiotherapy is excluded. Patients who received other types of prior external radiotherapy are allowed provided that the bone marrow function is assessed and meets the protocol requirements for hemoglobin, absolute neutrophil count, and platelets
* Received systemic therapy with radionuclides (e.g., strontium-89, samarium-153, rhenium-186, or rhenium-188, or radium-223 dichloride) for the treatment of bony metastases
* Other malignancy treated within the last 3 years (except non melanoma skin cancer or low-grade superficial bladder cancer)
* Visceral metastases as assessed by abdominal or pelvic computed tomography (CT) (or other imaging modality based on institutional standard of care)
* Presence of brain metastases
* Lymphadenopathy exceeding 6 cm in short-axis diameter
* Any size pelvic lymphadenopathy if it is thought to be a contributor to concurrent hydronephrosis.
* Imminent spinal cord compression based on clinical findings and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients with history of spinal cord compression should have completely recovered.
* Any other serious illness or medical condition, such as but not limited to:

  * Any infection ≥ National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (NCI-CTCAE) version 4.03 Grade 2
  * Cardiac Failure New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class III or IV
  * Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
  * Bone marrow dysplasia
* Fecal incontinence