Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Prostate Cancer

Background: * Prostate cancers are difficult to see on most imaging studies such as X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans and conventional positron emission tomography (PET) scans. * An experimental radioactive tracer called 11C-acetate accumulates in prostate tumor cells and may help find prostate cancers more accurately than other imaging methods. Objectives: * To determine the accuracy of prostate tumor imaging using the tracer 11C-acetate. Eligibility: * Patients 18 years of age and older who are undergoing surgery for localized prostate cancer at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center. Design: * Patients have a positron emission tomography (PET scan). For this test, an intravenous (IV) line is placed in the patient's arm and the patient lies on a table inside the donut shaped scanner. (11)C-acetate is injected into the vein through the catheter and images of the lower pelvis and abdomen are obtained over 30 minutes. * Patients have an endorectal coil MRI scan. For this test, a tube is placed in the rectum, just behind the prostate, to increase the amount of signal received by the magnetic resonance (MR) unit. Other coils may be wrapped around the pelvis to further improve the quality of the scan. The patient lies on the scanning table for about 75 to 90 minutes while images are obtained. During the scan, a contrast agent called gadolinium is injected through an intravenous (IV) line to brighten the images.

Sex

Male

Minimum age

18 Years

* INCLUSION CRITERIA:
* Participant must be scheduled to undergo standard of care prostatectomy for presumed localized prostate cancer at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Clinical Center.
* Recent (within 12 months of study entry) trans-rectal biopsy indicating the presence of adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland in which at least sextant biopsies were obtained. Knowledge of the location of each specimen is required for inclusion.
* Participant must be 18 years or older.
* Serum creatinine within 1 week prior to magnetic resonance (MR) imaging less than or equal to 1.8mg/dl AND epidermal growth factor receptor (eGFR) must be greater than 30 ml/min/1.73 m\^2
* Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance score of 0 or 1.
* Ability to provide informed consent. All patients must sign a document of informed consent indicating their understanding of the investigational nature and risks of the study before any protocol related studies are performed.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

* Known allergy to gadolinium or acetate.
* Participants for whom participating would significantly delay the scheduled standard of care therapy.
* Participants with any coexisting medical or psychiatric condition that is likely to interfere with study procedures and/or results are excluded.
* Participants with severe claustrophobia.
* Patients with contraindications to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
* Patients weighing greater than 136 kg (weight limit for scanner table).
* Patients with pacemakers, cerebral aneurysm clips, shrapnel injury, or other implanted electronic devices or metal not compatible with MRI.
* Patients with contraindication to endorectal coil placement
* Severe hemorrhoids.
* Surgically absent rectum.
* Other medical conditions deemed by the principal investigator (PI) or associates to make the patient ineligible for protocol procedures.
* Patients who have previously received radiation therapy to the pelvis.
* Patients who have received androgen deprivation therapy.

• BACKGROUNDOyama N, Miller TR, Dehdashti F, Siegel BA, Fischer KC, Michalski JM, Kibel AS, Andriole GL, Picus J, Welch MJ. 11C-acetate PET imaging of prostate cancer: detection of recurrent disease at PSA relapse. J Nucl Med. 2003 Apr;44(4):549-55. PMID 12679398
• BACKGROUNDJung JA, Coakley FV, Vigneron DB, Swanson MG, Qayyum A, Weinberg V, Jones KD, Carroll PR, Kurhanewicz J. Prostate depiction at endorectal MR spectroscopic imaging: investigation of a standardized evaluation system. Radiology. 2004 Dec;233(3):701-8. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2333030672. PMID 15564406
• RESULTMena E, Turkbey B, Mani H, Adler S, Valera VA, Bernardo M, Shah V, Pohida T, McKinney Y, Kwarteng G, Daar D, Lindenberg ML, Eclarinal P, Wade R, Linehan WM, Merino MJ, Pinto PA, Choyke PL, Kurdziel KA. 11C-Acetate PET/CT in localized prostate cancer: a study with MRI and histopathologic correlation. J Nucl Med. 2012 Apr;53(4):538-45. doi: 10.2967/jnumed.111.096032. Epub 2012 Feb 17. PMID 22343504