Etanercept to Treat Wegener's Granulomatosis

This study will examine the use of etanercept (also called Enbrel or TNFR:Fc) in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis, a type of vasculitis (blood vessel inflammation). Wegener's granulomatosis may affect many parts of the body, including the brain, nerves, eyes, sinuses, lungs, kidneys, intestinal tract, skin, joints, heart, and other sites. Generally, the greater the disease involvement, the more life-threatening it is. Standard treatment is a combination of prednisone and a cytotoxic agent-usually cyclophosphamide or methotrexate. However, many patients treated with this regimen have a disease relapse, and others cannot take these drugs because of severe side effects. This study will evaluate etanercept's safety and effectiveness, and particularly its value in reducing the need for prednisone and preventing disease relapse. The Food and Drug Administration has approved etanercept for treating rheumatoid arthritis, another inflammatory disease. The drug works by blocking the activity of TNF-a protein made by white blood cells that is involved in the inflammatory process. Since prednisone also affects inflammatory proteins and lowers TNF production, the use of etanercept may reduce the need for prednisone in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis, and thus the risk of its side effects. Patients between 10 and 70 years of age with Wegener's granulomatosis who have never taken prednisone, methotrexate or cyclophosphamide, or have taken these drugs for less than 3 weeks may be eligible for this study. Participants will have a medical history review and physical examination, including laboratory studies. If medically indicated, X-rays, consultations and biopsies (surgical removal of a small tissue sample) of affected organs will also be done. All patients will begin treatment with prednisone, methotrexate and etanercept. Those who improve on this regimen will stop prednisone gradually over 3 months. Those who achieve disease remission at the end of another 3 months will be randomly assigned to either continue taking etanercept and methotrexate for another 12 months or to stop etanercept and continue only methotrexate for the next 12 months (after which methotrexate will gradually be stopped). Patients who are not in remission by the 6-month point will continue taking etanercept until they go into remission, when they will be assigned to stop or not stop etanercept, as described above. Patients who do not achieve remission within 12 months of beginning treatment will be taken off the study. Patients who have a disease relapse while on the study will likely be switched to treatment with prednisone and either methotrexate or cyclophosphamide. Patients randomized to stop etanercept and who have a relapse within a year of stopping the drug may be offered re-treatment on this protocol, but with continuing etanercept for a full year after remission. Patients will be evaluated in the outpatient clinic every 2 to 4 weeks for the first 4 months and every 1 to 3 months after that. Patients whose disease is in remission and who stop all medications will be followed every 3 to 6 months for 2 years. Follow-up evaluations include a physical examination, blood draws and, if medically indicated, X-rays. The total study duration is 60 to 70 months.

Sex

All

INCLUSION CRITERIA:

Documentation of Wegener's granulomatosis based on clinical characteristics and histopathologic and/or angiographic evidence of vasculitis. In the absence of histopathologic and/or angiographic evidence of vasculitis, patients who meet one of the following criteria and in whom infectious and autoimmune diseases that may mimic Wegener's granulomatosis or a related systemic vasculitides have been excluded will also be eligible: a) a positive assay for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (C- or P-ANCA) and the presence of glomerulonephritis defined by red blood cell casts and proteinuria or renal biopsy showing necrotizing glomerulonephritis in the absence of immune deposits; b) a positive assay for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (C- or P-ANCA) and the presence of granulomatous inflammation on biopsy plus abnormal chest radiograph (defined as the presence of nodules, fixed infiltrates, or cavities) plus nasal/oral inflammation on clinical examination.

Subjects must be between the ages of 10 - 70 years.

Subject must have evidence of active major organ disease.

Patients who have never been previously seen at the NIH will be eligible if the above conditions are met and they either: are not receiving treatment; have been receiving prednisone at induction doses and MTX for less than 3 weeks; have been receiving prednisone at induction doses and CYC for less than 3 weeks but did not have severe disease.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

Patients with evidence of bacterial sepsis.

Patients with evidence of other active systemic infection which in the judgment of the investigator, is of greater danger to the patient than the underlying vasculitis.

Pregnant or subjects who are nursing infants.

Fertile women must have a negative pregnancy test within one week prior to study entry and all participants must be using effective means of birth control.

Patients with one or more of the following: serum creatinine greater than 2.5 mg/dl or creatinine clearance less than 35 ml/min; pulmonary disease resulting in a pO(2) less than 70 mmHg, or FVC, FEV(1) or DLCO less than 70% of predicted; any Wegener's granulomatosis-related disease manifestation that, in the judgment of the investigators, is immediately life-threatening.

Hemocytopenia: platelet count less than 80,000/mm(3), leukocyte count less than 3,000/mm(3), hematocrit less than 20% (in the absence of gastrointestinal bleeding or hemolytic anemia).

Liver function test abnormalities greater than three times upper limits of normal (either serum GOT, GPT, alkaline phosphatase, and/or bilirubin).

Processes associated with an increased risk of MTX toxicity: acute or chronic liver disease, past history of alcohol abuse (greater than 14 oz. of 100 proof liquor or equivalent per week), ongoing alcohol use of any volume that cannot be discontinued upon entry into the study.

Serological evidence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C, or a positive hepatitis B surface antigen. A serological determination will be performed within two weeks of beginning study participation.

Treatment with any investigational drug within 30 days.

Known allergy to TNFR:Fc.

Individuals with a history of psychiatric illness that in the opinion of the principal investigator (PI) would preclude entrance into the study.

History of multiple sclerosis or other demyelinating disease.

• BACKGROUNDFauci AS, Wolff SM. Wegener's granulomatosis: studies in eighteen patients and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1973 Nov;52(6):535-61. doi: 10.1097/00005792-197311000-00002. No abstract available. PMID 4748591
• BACKGROUNDFauci AS, Haynes BF, Katz P, Wolff SM. Wegener's granulomatosis: prospective clinical and therapeutic experience with 85 patients for 21 years. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Jan;98(1):76-85. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-98-1-76. PMID 6336643
• BACKGROUNDHoffman GS, Kerr GS, Leavitt RY, Hallahan CW, Lebovics RS, Travis WD, Rottem M, Fauci AS. Wegener granulomatosis: an analysis of 158 patients. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Mar 15;116(6):488-98. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-116-6-488. PMID 1739240